2. He sat there. He read a newspaper. He sat there and read a newspaper. He sat there, reading a newspaper. 1.V-ing 作伴随状语： 位于句尾，表示伴随的次要动作或补充说明，相当于 一个并列谓语。

3. While crossing the street, you must be careful. While you cross the street, you must be careful. 2.V-ing 作时间状语： 相当于时间状语从句, 常置于句首, 有时为了突出时间, 其前可加 _____________ 等连词. when, while

4. Being ill, he didn’t go to school. Because he was ill, he didn’t go to school. 3.V-ing 作原因状语： 常置于句首, 一般可转化成由 ____________ 引导的 原因状语从句。 as, because

5. Working hard, I’ll succeed one day. If I work hard, I’ll succeed one day. 4.V-ing 作条件状语： 常置于句首, 其前可加 __________ 等连词，相当于 条件状语从句。 if, unless

6. Knowing where I live, he never comes to see me. Though he knows where I live, he never comes to see me. 他怎么还不来呢 ? 5.V-ing 作让步状语： 常置于句首, 其前可加 ___________________ 等 连词，相当于让步状语从句。 although / though, even if / though

7. Jane fell off the bike, cutting her leg. He worked day and night, thus making himself near-sighted. 6.V-ing 作结果状语：

8. 1. Looking carefully at the ground, I made my way to the edge of the crater. 2. Having experienced quite a few earthquake in Hawaii already, I didn't take much notice.

9. 1. Looking carefully at the ground, I made my way to the edge of the crater. grammar discovery 2. Having experienced quite a few earthquakes in Hawaii already, I didn't take much notice. look makeat the same time experiencetake noticebefore having done: an action happens before the time expressed by the main verb

10. When they heard about the volcano, they ran down to the village. After the scientists had studied the information, they predicted that the lava would flow through the village. Hearing about the volcano, they ran down to the village. Having studied the information, the scientists predicted that the lava would flow through the village.

11. Complete the sentences with the perfect –ing form of verb: arrive, give, spend, take, and buy. 1. ____________the wrong bus, Tom found himself in an unfamiliar district. 2. ____________ the opinion about protecting the environment, she left the meeting. 3. ______________ the precious necklace, she had no money left. 4. ______________all day at home writing, the novelist went out for a walk in the evening. 5. _____________ early for his date, Mark spent time reading the newspaper. Having taken Having given Having bought Having spent Having arrived

12. 主 动 被 动 一般式 肯定, 否定 完成式 语态 时态 V-ing 的时态和语态 : doing not doing having done not having done being done not being done having been done not having been done

13. ____________ (suffer) from the war for many years, the Iraqi people first really enjoyed the great joy on July 29 th, when their team won the championship in the AFC 2007, ________ (beat) Saudi Arabia with a score of 1:0. This _________ (excite) news has greatly cheered up the people in Iraq. The great success is owed to the fantastic players. _______ (be) united and optimistic, they overcame the difficulties all the way. ________________well (train) and __________ _(make) great effort, they realized their full potential and did a good job in the final match, thus __________(create) a wonder in history. Having suffered beating exciting Being Having been trained having made creating

14. 动词 -ing 形式作状语，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语 保持一致。 Looking out through the window, the garden was beautiful. Looking out through the window, we saw the garden was beautiful. Reading the evening newspaper, a dog started barking. I was reading the evening newspaper when a dog started barking.

15. 如果不一致，必须用独立主格结构来表示，也就是 在分词前面加上它的逻辑主语。 The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. Weather permitting, the football match will be played on Friday.

16. 高中阶段有一些固定的动词 -ing 形式短语，如 generally speaking, judging from..., considering..., supposing... 等， 它们的逻辑主语可以和句子的主语不一致。这种动词 - ing 短语可当作一个插入语。 Generally speaking, boys are more interested in science than girls. Judging from his accent, he must come from Hunan province. Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free. Supposing it rains, what will you do?