1. PWM TECHNIQUES
The output voltage of the inverter needs to be varied as per load requirement.
Whenever the input DC varied, the output voltage can change.
Hence these variation needs to be compensated.
Incase of motor drives the ratio of voltage to frequency (v/f) is maintained constant.

2. Similarly ,in UPS the output voltage of inverter is to be regulated.
The PWM techniques is mainly used for voltage control..
These techniques are most efficient and they control the drives of the switching devices.

3. 1.single pulse width modulation
2.multiple pulse width modulation.
3.sinusoidal pulse width modulation.
4.modified sinusoidal pulse width modulation.
5.phase displacement control.

4. Single pulse modulation
This modulation give quasi-square wave output.

5. II. PWM METHODS A. Sine PWM (2) Three-phase sine PWM waveforms
vtri
vcontrol_A
vcontrol_B
vcontrol_C
Frequency of vtri and vcontrol
Frequency of vtri = fs
Frequency of vcontrol = f1
where, fs = PWM frequency
f1 = Fundamental frequency
Inverter output voltage
When vcontrol > vtri, VA0 = Vdc/2
When vcontrol < vtri, VA0 = -Vdc/2
where, VAB = VA0 – VB0
VBC = VB0 – VC0
VCA = VC0 – VA0
Fig. 7 Waveforms of three-phase sine PWM inverter. 13

6. II. PWM METHODS A. Sine PWM (3) Amplitude modulation ratio (ma)
Frequency modulation ratio (mf)
mf should be an odd integer
if mf is not an integer, there may exist sunhamonics at output voltage
if mf is not odd, DC component may exist and even harmonics are present at output voltage
mf should be a multiple of 3 for three-phase PWM inverter
An odd multiple of 3 and even harmonics are suppressed 14

7. Sinusoidal Pulse width modulation
The switches in the voltage source inverter (See Fig. 1)can be turned on and off as required. In the
simplest approach, the top switch is turned on If turned on and off only once in each cycle, a
square wave waveform results. However, if turned on several times in a cycle an improved harmonic
profile may be achieved.

8. In the most straightforward implementation, generation of the desired output voltage is achieved by comparing the desired reference waveform (modulating signal) with a high-frequency triangular ‘carrier’ wave as depicted schematically in Fig.2. Depending on whether the signal voltage is larger or smaller than the carrier waveform, either the positive or negative dc bus voltage isapplied at the output.
Note that over the period of one triangle wave, the average voltage appliedto the load is proportional to the amplitude of the signal (assumed constant) during this period. The resulting chopped square waveform contains a replica of the desired waveform in its low frequency components, with the higher frequency components being at frequencies of an close to the carrier frequency.
Notice that the root mean square value of the ac voltage waveform is still equal to the dc bus voltage, and hence the total harmonic distortion is not affected by the PWM process.
The harmonic components are merely shifted into the higher frequency range and are automaticallyfiltered due to inductances in the ac system.

9. When the modulating signal is a sinusoid of amplitude Am, and the amplitude of the triangular carrier is Ac, the ratio m=Am/Ac is known as the modulation index.
Note that controlling the modulation index there for controls the amplitude of the applied output voltage. With a sufficiently high carrier frequency

11. Fig 2: Principal of Pulse Width Modulation