1. Fall of Babylon Iron, Weapons, and Chariots

2. How would you react if the population of Bronx Science increased 50% and other students from different schools came into our classrooms? How would you accommodate the additional students? Do Now:

3. Southern Mesopotamia  Babylonians  Neo- Babylonians Northern Mesopotamia  Assyrians  Neo-Assyrians Mesopotamia United  Persian Rise and Fall of Empires

4. Hammurabi — Successful general — Defeated Sumerians and Akkadians around 1760 B.C.E — Created one of the first empires by uniting Mesopotamia under one ruler

5. Engaged in great public works: built opulent temples and strong canals, improved the irrigation process, and heightened city walls — Strongly encouraged astronomy, mathematics, and literature among the elite social classes Made diplomacy an integral part of his administration United all of Mesopotamia under the rule of Babylon - the largest city in the world, and named his realm Babylonia by 1775 BCBabylonia Height of Babylonian Empire

7. The Code of Hammurabi  codified by Hammurabi  first code of laws in ancient civilizations  used to bring order to the empire  contained the concepts of “an eye for an eye” or “lex talionis”  established rules for common issues to organize society

8. Hammurabi’s Code — 282 total laws — - Written around 1786 B.C.E — - Carved in forty-nine columns of stone tablets called stele — - Created standards for behavior — - Created punishments  — They were posted in the cities’ temples  — Written in cuneiform

9. Do Now: To what extent do you believe that Hammurabi’s code was justified? Why is that the case?

10. inhabited region of Anatolia (also known as Asia Minor, modern-day Turkey) prior to 1700 BCE,AnatoliaAsia MinorTurkey developed a culture apparently from the indigenous Hatti (and possibly the Hurrian) peopleHatti expanded their territories into an empire which rivaled, and threatened, the established nation of Egypt.empireEgypt The Hittites

11. 1600 BC the Hittites reach and destroy Babylon at the hand of their king Mursilis I before retreating again to their Anatolian heartlandBabylon 14th century BC they march again to establish an empire which reaches into northern Syria, east of the Euphrates, and extends down the Mediterranean coast to confront the Egyptians Fall of Babylon

13. Make some predictions, why were the Hittites so successful in defeating the Babylonians? Question:

14. 2000 B.C. the Hittites developed Iron weapons in northern Asia Minor, a region rich in iron they had learned to extract iron from ore - they were the first to make tools and weapons of iron the tools and weapons they made with iron were harder and had sharper edges than those made out of bronze or copper iron was plentiful and they were able to arm more people at less expense Hittites use of iron

15. A Hittite king writes to a valued customer about his order for iron. The letter is probably addressed to a king of Assyria: 'In the matter of the good iron about which you wrote, good iron is not at present available in my storehouse in Kizzuwatna. I have already told you that this is a bad time for producing iron. They will be producing good iron, but they won't have finished yet. I shall send it to you when they have finished. At present I am sending you an iron dagger-blade.' Quoted H.W.F. Saggs Civilization before Greece and Rome, Batsford 1989, page 205 Use of Iron

16. The first reference to charioteers in the civilized world comes from Syria around 1800 BCESyria Hittites established their first kingdom with the help of chariots c. 1700 BCE, and thereafter used them regularly Very decisive in battle against the opposition Chariots

17. How did the use of the chariot help the Hittites win decisive battles? Question