1. Around Mesopotamia Sumer, Akkadia, Babylon, and others in the Fertile Crescent 9 th Grade Integrated Honors Mr. Coia

2. Key Terms Mesopotamia: An ancient region of southwest Asia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern- day Iraq. Probably settled before 5000 B.C., the area was the home of numerous early civilizations, including Sumer, Akkad, Babylonia, and Assyria.

3. Social Structure in Sumer Around 3200 B.C., the first Sumerian cities emerged in the southern part of Mesopotamia. They used earth and water to make bricks for building. Trade brought riches to Sumerian cities. The Sumerians were the first to make wheeled vehicles. In each Sumerian city-state, the ruler was responsible for maintaining the city walls and irrigations systems. Each Sumerian city-state had a distinct social hierarchy. At the base of society were the majority of people, peasant farms.

5. Religion and Afterlife Sumerians practiced polytheistic and their gods were thought to control every aspect of life. Each city built a ziggurat, a pyramid- temple that soared toward the heavens. At the top was a shrine to the chief god or goddess of the city.

6. Religion The Sumerians believed in an afterlife, but thought the underworld was a grim place of no-release. They buried food and tools with their dead. Unlike the Egyptians, they did not imagine the afterlife in detail. They did not believe in rewards and punishments.

7. Gods An, lord of heaven Enlil, god of air and storms Enki, god of water and wisdom

8. The Evolution of Writing Sumerians invented the earliest known form of writing called cuneiform using a reed pen to make wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets. Cuneiform is from the Latin word for wedge. Sumerian scribes went through years of difficult schooling to acquire their skills.

9. First Empire 2350 BC Sumerian city-states wanted power = land and water In about 2350 BC a leader named Sargon led his army to conquer the Sumerian city- states Used force and an organized government Sargon began first empire called the Akkadian Empire

10. Akkadians Sargon brought new land and people under his control He ruled for 55 years Became most splendid city in all of Mesopotamia Each ruler paid Sargon a tribute Empire lasted 200 years after Sargon’s death

11. How did Sargon control his empire?

12. Used force and an organized government, including a standing army and officials who were faithful to him

14. The Babylonians 1790 BC-1600 BC Hammurabi = King of city-state Babylon 1790-1750 BC Conquered most of Mesopotamia = Babylonian Empire Tax system= all people paid the same

15. Hammurabi’s Code Hammurabi was not the author of the code. Most of the laws had been around since Sumerian Times, but Hammurabi wanted everyone in his empire to know the legal principles his government would follow. He had artisans carve 282 laws on a stone pillar for all to see. This was the first time a ruler attempted to solidify all of the laws that would govern a state.

17. Hammurabi’s Code Criminal laws dealt with offenses against others. Hammurabi’s Code limited personal vengeance and encouraged social order. Civil Law dealt with private rights and matters, such as business contracts, marriage, taxes, and divorce. Much of Hammurabi’s Code was designed to protect the powerless.

18. Law #196: “If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out.” Does this sound familiar?

19. Why was the code of Hammurabi so important?

21. -First written laws -Changed unfair laws -Made changes to confusing laws -Everyone could see them

22. The Babylonians Invented the idea of a circle containing 360 degrees and the hour containing sixty minutes

23. The Assyrians Warlike people from northern Mesopotamia, the Assyrians began to consolidate a great empire For 500 years, they earned a reputation for being among the most feared warriors in history Conquered Mesopotamia and created the largest empire in the world at the time

24. The Assyrians They were fierce, effective warriors Used chariots, and were the first to use calvary, soldiers on horseback. In 700 B.C. the Assyrians captured Babylon, looted it, and destroyed it

25. The Assyrians Wrote Epic of Gilgamesh, one of the oldest works of fiction literature. Assyria fell in 612 B.C. due to a civil war and foreign invaders.

26. Babylon Revived Nebuchadnezzar revived the power of Babylon, rebuilt the canals, temples, walls and palaces of Babylon. Also called the Chaldeans Nebuchadnezzar built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon for his homesick wife In 587 B.C., he destroyed Jerusalem, sending the tribes of Judah into exile. Mentioned in the Book of Daniel

27. Quick Summary Competition for resources gave rise to early empires in Mesopotamia Sargon built first empire, Akkadian. Babylonian Empire grew under Hammurabi Assyrians also built empires in the region

28. Vocabulary Conquer Empire Emperor Standing Army Tribute Code of Hammurabi