1. DETAILS OF STEEL FRAMING
11 STEEL FRAME CONSTRUCTION
DETAILS OF STEEL FRAMING
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

2. Example Beam-To-Column Connection: Framed Shear Connection
DETAILS OF STEEL FRAMING
Example Beam-To-Column Connection: Framed Shear Connection
Framed Connection: Angles, plates, or tees connect web of beam to side of column (right)
Angles are bolted to beam in the fabricator's shop.
Beam/angle assembly is bolted to the column in the field.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

3. Also called an AISC Simple Connection.
DETAILS OF STEEL FRAMING
Shear Connection: Transfers gravity loads from beam to columns. But the connection is not sufficiently rigid to transfer bending forces between the two members.
In an engineering analysis, this connection is modeled as if it is free to rotate. In fact, the connection is sufficiently flexible to allow small rotations between the beam and column such that bending forces in the beam do not impart bending forces into the column.
Also called an AISC Simple Connection.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

4. DETAILS OF STEEL FRAMING
This pair of lightweight beam-column shear connections rely on shear tabs welded to the column in the fabricator's shop and bolted to the beam webs in the field.
The beams are purposely cut slightly short to make it easier to swing them into position between the columns and to allow for minor deviations in column locations.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

5. Example Beam-To-Column: Moment Connection
DETAILS OF STEEL FRAMING
Example Beam-To-Column: Moment Connection
Web of beam is connected to column with bolted angles.
Top and bottom flanges of beam are field-welded to column with full penetration welds.
Column is reinforced with plates to carry bending forces from beam flanges into column.
This connection transfers gravity loads and bending forces between the members.
Beam is restrained from even small rotations, termed AISC Fully Restrained.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

6. DETAILS OF STEEL FRAMING
The "dog bone" cut in the beam creates a zone of weakness away from the connection itself.
Under extreme stress during a seismic event, this weakened area of the beam will deform plastically, protecting the welded joint, which is more brittle, from failure.
Lower photograph: A similar connection just erected. A single bolt holds the beam temporarily in place. The top and bottom flanges will be welded to the column. In lieu of bolted angles as above, the beam web is connected with a welded shear tab.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

7. DETAILS OF STEEL FRAMING
A pair of beam-column moment connections. Note the full penetration welds at the top and bottom flanges, and the reinforcing plates in the column.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

8. Second view of the connection in the previous slide.
DETAILS OF STEEL FRAMING
Second view of the connection in the previous slide.
This connection results in a continuous beam condition that can fully transmit bending forces through the column, allowing the beam to cantilever on the right. (The posts at the corner are temporary supports.)
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

9. Stabilizing the Building Frame
DETAILS OF STEEL FRAMING
Stabilizing the Building Frame
The rectangular geometry of the building frame must be made stable against lateral forces by one of three methods: -diagonal bracing -moment-resisting frame -and shear walls
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

10. Stabilizing the Building Frame: Diagonal Bracing
DETAILS OF STEEL FRAMING
Stabilizing the Building Frame: Diagonal Bracing
Diagonal bracing creates stable, triangular geometry within the frame.
A diagonally braced frame can be constructed with shear connections that are free to rotate.
Eccentric bracing, a variation on diagonal bracing, allows a plastic hinge condition to develop during extreme seismic events, absorbing the dynamic energy of the earthquake.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

11. Stabilizing the Building Frame: Moment-Resisting Frame
DETAILS OF STEEL FRAMING
Stabilizing the Building Frame: Moment-Resisting Frame
Some or all of the beam-column connections are moment connections capable of resisting rotations between the members, making the frame stable.
Moment-Resisting Frame
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

12. Stabilizing the Building Frame: Shear Walls
DETAILS OF STEEL FRAMING
Stabilizing the Building Frame: Shear Walls
Shear walls, most often made of concrete, can stabilize a structural frame constructed with shear connections that are free to rotate.
Shear walls in tall buildings sometimes also incorporate heavy steel plate.
The different stabilizing methods are frequently used in combination in a single structure.
Shear Walls
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

13. Stabilizing the Building Frame
DETAILS OF STEEL FRAMING
Stabilizing the Building Frame
Inverted vee diagonal bracing in a steel building frame.
These buckling-resistant braces are specially designed to deform plastically in a controlled manner during an extreme seismic event and protect the building from the energy of the earthquake.
The beam-to-column connections are also moment connections.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

14. Stabilizing the Building Frame
DETAILS OF STEEL FRAMING
Stabilizing the Building Frame
The beginnings of a concrete core tower that will contain vertical building services and that will also act as shear walls, stabilizing the building frame.
Note the large quantities of steel reinforcing. Stresses from lateral forces are greatest at the base of the stabilizing system and decrease toward the top.
To judge scale, note the broom and shovel leaning at the base of the right wall.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

15. DETAILS OF STEEL FRAMING
More Beam Connections
When connecting a beam to the column web, access to the connection is more constrained than when connecting to column flanges.
Top: A seated connection relies on a seat angle below the beam and stabilizing angle at top. The angle connections are not stiff enough to transfer bending forces, and this is a shear connection.
Bottom: Moment connection with bolted web and welded flanges. The shear tab is deep enough to position the bolts clear of the column flanges for easy access.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

16. DETAILS OF STEEL FRAMING
More Beam Connections
An end plate connection. The plate is welded to the beam in the shop and bolted to the column in the field.
This connection is sufficiently rigid to transfer some (but not all) bending forces between the beam and column and is termed semi-rigid or AISC Partially-Restrained.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

17. Framed beam-girder connection
DETAILS OF STEEL FRAMING
More Beam Connections
Framed beam-girder connection
Note the coping of the upper flanges of the beams so that the tops of the beams can be made level with the top of the girder.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

18. DETAILS OF STEEL FRAMING
Column Connections
Left: A bolted column-column connection, or splice. Column connections are frequently located at roughly waist height, to avoid interference with beam-column connections and so that connections are conveniently accessible to workers standing on the floor deck.
Right: Where outer dimensions of connected column sections vary, shim or filler plates are inserted in the connection to make up the difference.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

19. DETAILS OF STEEL FRAMING
A bolted column splice with plates shop-welded to the ends of both column sections
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

20. More Column Connections
DETAILS OF STEEL FRAMING
More Column Connections
Left: A welded column splice. The bolted connector plate holds the columns in alignment prior to welding. Later, the column flanges are welded with partial penetration welds. The hole in the plate provides an attachment point for the lifting line during erection.
Right: A butt plate or bearing plate is inserted in the connection where inside dimensions of the column sections differ. The plate is thick enough to transfer the loads from the upper column section to the lower one.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

21. DETAILS OF STEEL FRAMING
The beam-column connection is a shear connection relying on a shear tab welded to the column in the fabricator's shop and bolted to the beam web in the field.
The HSS column splice relies on a lightweight plate, shop-welded to the lower column section and field-welded to the upper section.
Just to the right of the column is a welded OWSJ-beam connection with a light reinforcing plate underneath the beam flange.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

22. THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
11 STEEL FRAME CONSTRUCTION
THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

23. The W27 beam-column connection is beam to column web connection.
THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
Steel Framing Plan
Shows sizes and locations of structural steel members (dimensions have been omitted from the plan at right)
The W30 girder-column connection is a beam to column flange connection.
The W27 beam-column connection is beam to column web connection.
The W18 to W30 connection is a coped beam-girder connection.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

24. THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
The Fabricator
The steel fabricator is responsible for providing each needed piece of structural steel to the construction site.
Traditionally, the fabricator prepares shop drawings showing the dimensions of each piece of steel required for the job.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

25. THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
The shop drawings are reviewed by the architect and structural engineer before the fabricator begins work.
The fabricator frequently is also responsible for determining the details of the steel connections themselves, based on more general connection load requirements provided by the structural engineer.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

26. THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
The Fabricator
More recently, with building information modeling (BIM) systems, steel fabrication information and details may be developed by the structural engineer in the building model as an alternative to relying on fabricator shop drawings.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

27. THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
The Fabricator
In the fabricator's shop, each piece of steel is cut to length, coped, drilled, punched, welded, shaped and provided with tabs, angles, plates and other accessories as indicated on the shop drawings.
Fabrication operations are performed by a combination of automated equipment and skilled workers.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

28. Note the identifying labels on each piece of steel.
THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
The Fabricator
Fabricated steel members are stacked in the fabricator's yard using an overhead crane, awaiting transportation to the construction site.
Note the identifying labels on each piece of steel.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

29. THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
The Fabricator
Steel members are individually labeled to correspond to information on the erection drawings so that each piece can be assembled in the proper location once delivered to the construction site.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

30. The erector may or may not be the same entity as the fabricator.
THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
The Erector
The erector is responsible for erection of steel once delivered to the construction site.
The erector may or may not be the same entity as the fabricator.
The erector's workers are called ironworkers.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

31. THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
The Erector
As the frame is erected, temporary cables with turnbuckles are used to plumb up (make vertical) the frame.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

32. The decking is puddle welded to the framing members below.
THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
Floor and Roof Decking
Corrugated steel decking laid over the steel framing is the most common floor and roof decking material.
The decking is puddle welded to the framing members below.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

33. Top: Relatively shallow roof decking.
THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
Floor and Roof Decking
Steel decking comes in a variety of profiles and depths to suit different load and span conditions.
Top: Relatively shallow roof decking.
Second from bottom: Composite floor decking with deformations that allow a structural bond to develop between the metal deck and the concrete poured over it, to increase the strength of the deck/concrete floor assembly.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

34. THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
Floor and Roof Decking
Shear studs may be welded to tops of beams, projecting through the metal decking. Once concrete is poured, the beams and concrete act together structurally as another form of composite construction.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

35. THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
Floor and Roof Decking
Concrete is placed over the metal decking to complete the structural floor or roof deck.
A grid of welded wire reinforcing within the concrete increases the floor's resistance to cracking.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

36. THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
Floor and Roof Decking
Other materials, such as the precast concrete hollow core planks shown here, can also be used to create the floor and roof decks.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

37. FIREPROOFING OF STEEL FRAMING
11 STEEL FRAME CONSTRUCTION
FIREPROOFING OF STEEL FRAMING
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

38. Steel Strength and Temperature
THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
Steel Strength and Temperature
Above roughly 500 or 600 degrees F, steel rapidly looses strength.
Fireproofing acts as insulation, protecting steel from the heat of fire and the survival of the building structure.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

39. Fireproofing materials Concrete Plaster Gypsum wallboard
THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
Fireproofing materials
Concrete
Plaster
Gypsum wallboard
Spray-applied insulation
Loose insulation within sheet metal column cover
Water-filled columns (e.g., U.S. Steel Building, Pittsburgh)
Not shown:
Insulation blankets
Intumescent Coatings: Thin, paint-like coatings that expand to create a thicker, insulating layer when exposed to the heat of fire
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

40. Spray-Applied Fire-Resistive Material (SFRM)
THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
Spray-Applied Fire-Resistive Material (SFRM)
The most common fireproofing
The level of protection required for various parts of the structure is determined by the building code and relates to the size of the building and its occupancies.
To achieve an equal level of protection, lighter steel members require more insulation than heavier members, since lighter member heat up more quickly.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

41. Spray-Applied Fire-Resistive Material (SFRM)
THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
Spray-Applied Fire-Resistive Material (SFRM)
Spray-applied fireproofing has been applied to the first two levels of framing in this steel high rise structure.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

42. THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
Cross-bracing, which resists wind and earthquake—but not gravity—loads, is not normally required to be fire-protected.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.