2. UNIT 8 EARTHS FRESH WATER

3. How much water do we use? 140 billion gallons daily in the United States alone Expected to grow

4. Water takes up 70% of our Earth! 97.2 % Salt Water 2.2 % Glaciers/Icecaps 0.6 % Surface/Underground 0.01 % Rivers/Lakes/Streams 0.0001 % Atmosphere

5. Red Book Pg. 361

6. Of the Fresh Water 76% Ice 12% Shallow Groundwater 11% Deep Groundwater.34% Lakes and Rivers.037% Water Vapor

7. Red Book Pg. 361

8. This leaves 15% of our fresh water available for use..42% of all water on Earth Why don’t we run out of water?

9. The Water Cycle  The continuous process by which water moves throughout the environment

10. The Water Cycle  From oceans and freshwater supplies to the air, land and back to the oceans

11. 3 Steps to the Water Cycle  Evaporation  Condensation  Precipitation The Water Cycle

12. Evaporation/Transpiration  When water changes to vapor or gas The Water Cycle

13. Condensation  When vapor turns to liquid The Water Cycle

14. Precipitation Water returns to the Earth The Water Cycle  Rain, snow, sleet or hail

21. How do people use water?  Agriculture - Irrigation for farming  Industry - Uses water to produce objects

22. Uses (cont.)  Transportation - People and goods  Recreation - Swimming, boating, etc. Fresh Water Usage Handout!

23. Water Usage Lab  Fill out chart on back of lab sheet  List 10 other ways to conserve water (#3)  In your lab report explain how much water you could save and how you are planning to do it.  Hint: Use data from chart.

24. Water Cycle Quiz

25. 5&6. Describe 2 of the 4 steps in the water cycle. 7. In your own words, describe the water cycle. 8. Explain why there are water shortages if the earth's total water volume is constant.

26. Water Cycle Bonus

27.  Running water  Standing water 2 Types of fresh water on the surface

28. Running Water  Surface runoff - Water that enters a river after a heavy downfall  Watershed - Area where runoff drains into the river system

29. Watersheds

30. Standing Water  Lakes and ponds - depends on size  Reservoirs - Artificial lake built by damming a stream or river

32. Quabbin Reservoir  Construction 1936-1946  412 billion gallons flooded the Swift River valley  Largest man-made reservoir in the world

33. Quabbin Reservoir (cont.)  Floods left Prescott, Enfield, and Greenwich under water.

34. Blue Hills Reservoir  Constructed in the early 1950s  Provided storage until 1981  Removed due to water quality.

35. MA Watersheds

36. What is Groundwater?  Water that remains in the ground The Water Cycle

37. Water beneath the Surface  Ground- water seeps between pores in the soil

38. Permeable vs. Impermeable  Permeability -The ability of material to let water pass through it

39. Permeable or Impermeable? Impermeable Permeable

40. Underground Zones  Zone of saturation  Zone of aeration  Water table  Aquifer  Artesian well

41. Zone of Saturation  Underground area where all pores are filled with water

42. Zone of Aeration (Unsaturated Zone)  Dry region where the pores are filled mostly with air

43. Water table  Area including the zone of saturation and zone of aeration soaked with water

45. How do we bring groundwater to the surface?  Wells - Drill a hole below the water table and pump water to the surface

46. Aquifers  Layer of permeable rocks that allows the water to flow sideways between impermeable layers  Sandstone, gravel, sand

47. Aquifers

49. Artesian well

50.  Well water that flows on its own without pumping

51. QUIZ

53. Solute Solvent Polar molecule Water as a universal solvent Acid Base pH Ecology Book

54. The substance that dissolves in a solution Solute Solvent The liquid in which the solute dissolves

55. A molecule that has a negative charge at one end and a positive charge at the other Polar Molecule

56. Solution with more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions Acid Base Solution with more hydroxide than hydrogen ions

57. Units by which acids and bases are measured pH less than 7 = Acid pH greater than 7 = Base pH

58. Resists changes in temperature Universal solvent Polar molecule Neutral pH Importance of Water

59. How do we make water drinkable?

60. Public and private water supplies often need treatment to improve water quality  Measurement of substances in water besides molecules Read from Red Book pg. 395-398

61. Water Quality  Appearance and taste  Acidity (pH)  Hardness u Hard water does not mix well with soap  Disease  Health Standards

63. Water Quality 1. First Filtration - Screens 2. Coagulation - Alum added 3. Second Filtration 4. Chlorination - Cl added 5. Aeration - Releases gasses 6. Additional treatment - Fluoride

65. Treating Wastewater 1. Primary treatment  Water slows down particles fall out 2. Secondary treatment  Filtered through gravel & bacteria 3. Additional treatment  Chlorine added