1. Unit 1 Chapter 2, Sections 2-3 Causation in Science/ Procedure and Ethics in Research Mr. Young

2. Essential Question Why is it important to look at the cause before jumping to conclusions of the effect of an event?

3. The Nature of Causation Causation- events occur in predictable, nonrandom ways Social Scientists look for the factors that cause social events to happen

4. Causation Videos http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MTbZoKE OkUg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MTbZoKE OkUg

5. Multiple Causation Belief that an event occurs as a result of several factors working in combination

13. Variables Characteristic that is subject to change

14. Quantitative Variable Variable that can be measured and given a numerical value Example: literacy rate in developing countries

15. Qualitative Variable Defined by presence or absence in a category Example: “either/or” “yes/no” Sex, Marital status, group membership

16. Independent Variable A characteristic that causes something to occur Time studying for test

17. Dependent Variable A characteristic that reflects a change Grade on Test

18. Intervening Variable Variable that changes the relationship between an independent and dependent variable Government assistance that can help the poor Sickness in the family

20. Correlation A measure of the relationship between two variables Existence of correlation does not necessarily mean a cause- and-effect relationship exists

21. Correlation videos http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DLLJMMXr nQE&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DLLJMMXr nQE&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vkAymkcZ O48 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vkAymkcZ O48

22. Positive correlation When independent and dependent variable change in the same direction When grades (dependent) improve as study time increases (independent)

23. Positive Correlation Videos http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6AtTIdjR Q4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6AtTIdjR Q4

24. Negative correlation Variables change in opposite direction Grades (dependent) go down as time spent watching television (independent) increase

25. Correlation and Causation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UNonyq1y hiE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UNonyq1y hiE

26. Standards for showing causation Standard 1- Two variables must be correlated

27. Standards Continued Standard 2- All other possible factors must be taken into account Spurious correlation- relationship between two variables that is actually caused by 3 rd factor

28. Standard Cont. Standard 3- Change in independent variable must occur before a change in dependent can occur

29. Section 3: Procedures in Research Scientific Method- pursuit of knowledge in a systematic way Hypothesis- educated guess

30. 7 steps of research Step 1: Identify the Problem

31. Step 2: Review the Literature

32. Step 3: Formulate Hypothesis Because of the popularity of the show, more people with last name Griffen are calling their son Stewie

33. Step 4: Develop a Research Design

34. Steps Contiued: Step 5: Collect Data Step 6: Analyze Data Step 7: State finding and Conclusion

35. Essential Question Why is it important to look at the cause before jumping to conclusions of the effect of an event?