1. Collective Behavior, Social Movements, and Social Change

2. Collective Behavior
Voluntary, often spontaneous activity that is engaged in by a large number of people and typically violates dominant group norms and values
Types of collective behavior may be distinguished by the dominant emotion expressed.
In contrast, institutionalized behavior refers to activity that is guided by firmly established norms.
Going to school, movies, working etc.

3. The Collective Behavior Continuum

4. Factors That Contribute to Collective Behavior
Structural factors that increase the chances of people responding in a particular way
Timing
Breakdown in social control mechanisms and corresponding feeling of normlessness

5. Explaining Collective Behavior
Value-Added Theory (Neil Smelser)
Argued that 6 conditions must be present for collective behavior to occur:
Society is structurally conducive to the occurrence of collective behavior
Structural strain
Generalized belief of what is wrong and what could be done
Precipitating incident sparks collective behavior
Mobilization of action
Agents of social control conducive to the collective action

6. Value-Added Theory Example
The Los Angeles Riots (1992)
The 1st amendment to the constitution gave rioters the right to assemble.
There was a long time strain between the LAPD and the local African American population.
A general feeling already existed that the social ills faced by African Americans were the product of Racism, then came the acquittal of the four officers charged with beating Rodney King.
Once a few started to act and television gave coverage to them, the activity started to spread.
Early inaction by the police prolonged events and allowed it to grow.

7. Crowds v. Masses
Crowd – a relatively large number of people who are in one another’s immediate vicinity
Mass – a number of people who share an interest in a specific idea or issue but who are not in one another’s immediate vicinity (for example, bloggers)

8. Types of Crowds
Casual crowds - people who happen to be in the same place at the same time, may share momentary interest and a few emergent norms (e.g., people in a subway car or at a shopping mall)
Conventional crowds - people who come together for a scheduled event; share a common focus and generally act in line with institutionalized norms (e.g., people at a concert, college lecture, or ceremony)

9. Types of Crowds (cont’d.)
Expressive crowds - people releasing emotions with others who experience similar emotions; dominant expression is joy (e.g., Mardi Gras, New Year’s)
Acting crowds - collectivities so emotionally focused that they may erupt into violent behavior; hostility toward a singular target as in a mob, or a range of shifting targets as in a riot
Protest crowds - crowds that engage in activities intended to achieve political goals, generally non-violent and contain leadership (e.g., sit-ins)

10. Explanations of Crowd Behavior
Contagion Theory - People are more likely to engage in antisocial behavior in a crowd because they are anonymous and feel invulnerable. Crowd excitement is contagious and breaks down the restraint of individuals. Collective behavior is understood as irrational, people will do things in a collectivity that they will not do alone.

11. Explanations of Crowd Behavior
Social unrest and circular reaction – interactive communication. The discontent of one person is communicated to another who reflects it back to the first person.

12. Explanations of Crowd Behavior
Convergence theory - focuses on the shared emotions, goals, and beliefs people bring to crowd behavior. People will similar attributes find a collectivity of like-minded persons with whom to express their personal tendencies. Collective behavior is understood as rational.

13. Explanations of Crowd Behavior
Emergent norm theory - tied to Symbolic Interactionism. When expectations are vague, crowds develop their own definition of the situation and establish norms for behavior that fits the occasion. Collective behavior is understood as rational, and people are free to leave if crowd behavior begins to offend them.

14. Deindividuation
People are not identified personally and, thus, some of the parameters that normally guide behavior are not present. People less concerned with social evaluation and feel less accountability for their actions. Promoted by numbers and uniformity.
Halloween Trick-or-Treating study – kids who were not asked their names only took one piece of candy (Diener et al., 1976)
Suicide baiting – more likely when crowd is larger, distance between crowd and suicidal person is greater, and when it is night (Mann, 1981)

15. Types of Mass Behavior Rumors and Gossip Mass Hysteria
Unverified information passed informally from person to person
Sociologists ask how rumors serve to solve problems and reduce anxiety
Thrive in times of uncertainty
Gossip - rumors about personal affairs
Urban Legend - rumors recounting scary events, often offer life lessons
Mass Hysteria
Intense, fearful, and seemingly irrational reaction to a perceived—but often misunderstood or imaginary—threat
Fads and Fashions
Periodic popularity of styles
Occurs most frequently in modern societies where change is appreciated
Public Opinion
Attitudes and beliefs communicated by ordinary citizens to decision makers

16. Mass Hysteria and Panic: The War of the Worlds
Halloween Eve, 1938
Actor Orson Welles performed a radio dramatization of H.G. Wells’s science-fiction classic The War of the Worlds.
CBS radio dance music program suddenly interrupted by a news bulletin informing the audience that Martians had landed in New Jersey and were conquering Earth.
Although listeners informed before, during, and after the broadcast that this was fictitious dramatization, many became fearful. An estimated 1 million of the 10 million listeners believed that these events had actually occurred.
Halloween Eve, 1988
A Portuguese radio station rebroadcast the original program on the 50th anniversary, and again panic ensued.

17. Social Movement
An organized group that acts consciously to promote or resist change through collective action (using at least some unconventional or uninstitutionalized methods)

18. Propaganda
Information provided by individuals or groups that have a vested interest in furthering their own cause or damaging an opposing one.

19. Types of Social Movements
Reform movements seek to improve society by changing an aspect of the social structure.
Revolutionary movements seek to bring about a total change in society.
Religious movements seek to produce radical change in individuals and typically are based on spiritual or supernatural belief systems.

20. Types of Social Movements
Alternative movements seek limited change in some aspect of people's behavior.
Resistance movements seek to prevent or undo change that has already occurred.

21. Stages in Social Movements
Preliminary stage - people begin to become aware of a threatening problem.
Coalescence stage - people begin to organize and start making the threat known to the public.
Institutionalization stage - organizational structure develops.

22. Social Movement Theories
Relative Deprivation
People compare achievements, become discontent and join social movements to get their “fair share”.
Resource Mobilization
People participate in social movements when the movement has access to key resources.
New Social Movement
Focus on sources of social movements, including politics, ideology, and culture.
Social Construction Theory: Frame Analysis
Used to determine how people assign meaning to activities and processes in social movements.

23. What Types of People Join Social Movements?
Individuals that are deeply committed to a set of goals
Those that support the goals of the movement
Those who enjoy being a part of the social movement (insecure)
Those that are curious about social movement activities
Those that use the social movement’s activities for their own personal interests

24. How are age and education related to support for social movement activity?

25. What type of social movement activities would you support?

26. What is Social Change?
Alterations that occur over time and involve elements of the society’s social structure, culture and patterns of behavior
Continual and universal
Sometimes social change is planned, but in many instances it is not

27. Factors affecting whether or not social change will be welcomed
What is the source of social change?
Is there a strong sense of need for social change?
Does the change involve aspects of the material or nonmaterial culture?
Material ideas are welcomed more
Does the source of social change conform to the values of the society?
More divergent forms will likely face resistance

28. Sources of Social Change
New Ideas
Changes in thought can have significant impacts on different aspects of society
Examples:
The Enlightenment
The Protestant Reformation and its development of a unique work ethic has been argued to be the spur of capitalism
New Technology
An especially important engine of social change
As seen with the industrial revolution, emerging technologies can cause populations to increase rapidly and to overwhelming size

29. Sources of Social Change
Natural Environment
Humans constantly must adapt to changes in the physical environment
Some changes are gradual (Global Warming) and some changes are dramatic (Earthquake or Tornado)
Demographic Change
Growth of population was a major source of change throughout the world the last century
Not only change in size of population, but change in its composition has major consequences
What are the upcoming consequences of growth in the aged population for the United States?

30. Sources of Social Change
Government
The emergence of strong centralized governments has given opportunities to considerable social change
Support of calls for change (Civil Rights Movement)
Development of various social programs (Social Security Administration)
Competition and War
In an increasing global economy countries frequently compete with one another to get an advantage
War and preparation for it has led to the development of new technologies, shifts in populations, and a rethinking of cultural values
What impact did WWII have on the U.S economy or on gender norms?

31. Social Change in the Developing World
Much development in non-developed nations is dependent on aid from other nations
Note that the U.S. is the largest giver of aid, but that it gives the least in comparison to its overall Gross Domestic Product (GDP - $ value of all that is produced within).

32. Past and Future Giving by the U.S.

33. What is U.S. Aid going toward?