1. Solids, Liquids, Gases & Plasmas
Chapter 16

2. The Kinetic Theory An explanation of how particles of matter behave
All matter is composed of small particles (atoms, ions, molecules)
These particles are in constant, random motion
These particles collide with themselves and their container

3. Thermal Energy
Total amount of energy in matter, including kinetic (moving) and potential (held in bonds between molecules)
As temperature lowers, the thermal energy goes down and the particles tend to vibrate
At higher temperatures, the particles move very quickly

4. Temperature and Kinetic Energy
Temperature is the measure of the kinetic energy of the particles in a substance
The lower the temperature, the lower the kinetic energy (movement) of the particles

5. Solid State In a solid, the particles are tightly packed together
They vibrate against each other
Chemical and physical properties can be attributed to the arrangement of particles
Definite size, shape and volume

6. Liquid State Melting point– point where a solid turns into a liquid
Particles move faster than in a solid
Heat of fusion- heat needed to turn a solid into a liquid
No definite shape, has definite volume
Flows freely

7. Gas State Very fast molecular movement
Do not have a definite volume or shape
Vaporization- a liquid turns into a gas when heat is applied
Evaporation can occur at lower temperatures off the surface of the liquid

8. Boiling Point
Temperature where liquid boils and liquid begins to turn into a gas
Heat of vaporization- amount of energy required to turn a liquid into a gas

9. Sublimation A solid changing into a gas Skips the liquid state
Ex. Dry ice

10. Heating Curve of a Liquid

11. Phase Diagram

12. Plasma State Consists of positive and negative particles
Most common state of matter in the universe
Exists where temperature is very, very high
Ex, the sun, lightening, neon tubes and auroras

13. Thermal Expansion
The increase in size of something when temperature increases
When they cool down, they shrink because the molecules aren’t moving around as much
Thermal expansion of liquids explain why liquid in thermometers rise
Thermal expansion of gas is how hot air balloons work

14. Strange Behavior of Water
Water behaves differently
When water cools down, the molecules become further apart
The explains why ice floats in water

15. Boyle’s Law If you decrease the volume, then you increase the pressure
If you increase the volume, then the pressure of the gas decreases
Inversely proportional

16. Charles Law Temperature of a gas increases, the volume increases
Temperature of a gas decreases, so does the volume
Ex. Put a balloon in the freezer it shrinks