1. ADDITIVES By: Ahmed Al-Failkawee 2021-1639 Marzooq Al-Azmy 2021-3510
Ahmed Al-Shammari
Eman Al-Enezi

2. Introduction
A chemical substance added in small amounts to any material to get high performance and improve its properties.
Types of additives like Fuel, Oil, plastic, Gases, etc...

3. Fuel additives was introduced in 1920s in United States and world wide adopted in 1950s.
Fuel additives (Gasoline & Diesel) are used to improve its performance in vehicles and to reduce specific emissions (CO, NOX).
The most common gasoline fuel additive is (TEL) Tetra-Ethyl Lead.

4. The Problem with Lead
In 1970s (TEL) was RESTRICTED or BANNED, because of its adverse health effects.
Lead is toxic, and easily can enters human blood by breathing or swallowing. It is found in water, food, household dust and soil.

5. Some Types of Fuel Additives:
Acronym
Common Name
MTBE
Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether
ETBE
Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether
TAME
Tertiary Amyl Methyl Ether
MMT
Methyl Cyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl
TAEE
Tertiary Amyl Ethyl Ether

6. Some Other Applications:
Anti-Oxidants.
Anti-Settling Agent.
Anti-Corrosion.
Defoamers.

7. About Additives There are many kind of additives:
Precombustion gasoline additives.
Additives influencing diesel fuel combustion.
The use of oxygenates in motor gasoline.

8. Precombustion Gasoline Additives
This types of additives divided in Two part
1- additives providing oxidation stability
a)- gasoline antioxidants.
b)- Lead stabilization.
c)- Metal deactivators.
2- additives used in gasoline distribution and protect vehicle fuel systems.
a)- Dyes and markers.
b)- Corrosion inhibitors.
c)- anti- static additives.

9. 1-1 additives providing oxidation stability
a- gasoline antioxidants:
Since, most of gasoline has olefins compound, and this compound is highly reactive and form gum.
Gum is the product of a serious of oxidation and polymerization reaction involving mainly the olefin compound present in the gasoline which can seriously influence the performance of the gasoline.
Gum problem:
1-blockages of line and filter.
2- high sludge levels in storage tank
3- cloudy gasoline and deposits in various parts in engine.
So, the job of this additives is make the free radical stable.

10. 1-1 additives providing oxidation stability
b- Lead stabilization
This type of additives used to protecting lead anti-knock compounds, particularly ( TEL) from decomposition.
But , TML is much more thermally stable and so is less at risk.
Types of antioxidant:
1- aromatic diamines ( paraphenylenediamines)
2- Alkyl phenols ( 2,6-ditert-butylphenol)
3- mixture of aromatic diamines and alkyl phenol.

11. Continuo:

12. 1-1additives providing oxidation stability
c- Metal deactivators:
Trace levels of soluble metal compounds, particularly copper, catalyze the oxidation of hydrocarbons and can lead to the very rapid formation of gum.
Metal deactivators over come this problem by chelating onto the metal, rendering it in activate.( 2- propanediamine)

13. there are two reasons for using dyes
1-2- additives used in gasoline distribution and protect vehicle fuel systems.
a)- Dyes and markers:
there are two reasons for using dyes
1- to meet legal requirement.
2- to be able to distinguish one product from another.
The amount of dye which added normally in the range ( 2 – 10 ) ppm.
Marker chemical are particularly important for security purposes
Diphenylamine is used as a marker and is detectable without interference by lead alkyl, dyes, and others.
The presence of marked fuels can be detected in concentrations as low as 5% in other fuels.

14. b)- Corrosion inhibitors:
1-2- additives used in gasoline distribution and protect vehicle fuel systems.
b)- Corrosion inhibitors:
The main purpose of rust inhibitors is to minimize corrosion in pipelines.

15. c) anti- static additives:
1-2- additives used in gasoline distribution and protect vehicle fuel systems
c) anti- static additives:
When fuels of low electrical conductivity are pumped at high velocity through pipes, a charge of static electricity can build up in the fuel, this charge may making spark, this spark with flammable hydrocarbons and air will make fir or explosion can take place.
The problem of static electricity is acute with aviation kerosene which have low conductivity while gasoline has high conductivity enough to dissipate the charge .
The additives have been added to this material to increase it’s conductivity.

16. MTBE
MTBE (methyl tertiary-butyl ether) is a chemical compound that is manufactured by the chemical reaction of methanol and isobutylene.
It’s produced in very large quantities (over 200,000 barrels per day in the U.S. in 1999) and is almost exclusively used as a fuel additive in motor gasoline.
It is one of a group of chemicals commonly known as "oxygenates" because they raise the oxygen content of gasoline. At room temperature.

17. Chemical name
2-Methoxy-2-methylpropane
Other names
Methyl Tert-butyl ether
Methyl t-butyl ether
MTBE
tBME
Chemical formula
C5H12O

18. How is MTBE made?
By an acid - catalyzed addition reaction between methanol and Isobutylene. In 1994, MTBE was the 18th most important chemical produced in the USA.
Isobutylene + Methanol —>MTBE
C4H8+CH3OH—>C5H12O

19. Properties of MTBE Colorless liquid. Unpleasant taste and odor.
Burns easily.
Evaporates quickly.
Dissolves quickly in water.

20. History and Uses MTBE has been used in gasoline since 1979.
Gasoline sold in large cities and other areas with “smog” problems may contain
higher amounts of MTBE.
MTBE is also used in the production
of other chemicals and medicines to
dissolve gall stones.

21. MTBE is a man made
substance and is primarily used
as an additive in gasoline to
make it burn cleaner.

22. How does it reduce CO levels?
The toxic gas carbon monoxide is
formed by incomplete combustion of
petrol. The oxygen atom in MTBE helps
provide extra oxygen for complete
combustion, and helps give it an Octane
rating of 116.

24. How MTBE Enters/Exits the Body
•When you breathe air or drink water containing
it.
•Through your skin.
•May accumulate in body
fluids after repeated exposure.
•Majority leaves body quickly in air you breathe out or in urine.

25. How are People Exposed to MTBE?
• Most common exposure - breathing gasoline vapors while fueling cars and trucks.
• Occupational exposure - breathing
Workplacd air where MTBE is made
or shipped .

26. • Some exposure – isolated
areas with drinking water
containing MTBE .

27. What happens to MTBE in the environment?
MTBE evaporates
easily into air.
Rain washes small
amounts of MTBE
out of air and onto
soil and water.
MTBE dissolves MTBE passes quickly
and spreads through the soil into
Readily in water underground water.

28. Releases in The Environment
Refueling of cars and trucks

29. Leaks from underground
gasoline tanks

30. Gasoline spills

31. Known Health Effects
Exposure may irritate the eyes, skin, nose, throat and lungs.
High exposures can affect the central
nervous system (brain) ranging from
difficulty in concentration and thinking to unconsciousness.
MTBE has caused cancer in some laboratory animals.

32. Diesel Additives Additives influencing diesel fuel combustion:
Compression Ignition: Combustion in diesel engine is achieved by compression ignition.
Engine Design: For combustion chamber design & fuel injection design.
Fuel Quality: Good or Poor ignition quality.
Exhaust Emissions: Low or High Emissions.

33. Cetane Number Improvers
Cetane Number: A measure of the ignition quality of diesel fuels.
Benefits of Improved Cetane Number:
Improved Cold Starting.
Reduced Smoke Emissions.
Reduce Noise.
Reduce Fuel Consumption.

34. Types of Cetane Number Improvers:
Iso-propyl nitrate.
Iso-amyl nitrate.
Iso-hexyl nitrate.
Cyclohexyl nitrate.
Iso-octyl nitrate.

35. Diesel Detergents Chemical compounds are used to:
Reduce the injector nozzle fouling.
Improve fuel stability.
Anti-corrosion.
Combustion improver.

36. Types of diesel detergents:
Amines.
Imidazolines.
Amides.
Fatty acid succinimides.
Poly-alkylene succinimides.
Poly-alkylene amines.
Polyether amines.

37. Diesel fuel additives influencing flow :
As diesel fuel cools, it will be more viscose and the solubility for wax which could plug the lines and filters. The flow improvers make the wax crystals smaller and less prone to form agglomerates.

38. Conclusion
Gasoline additives is one of the most widely used comparing to other fuel additives.
It is hard to find a best alternative for the hazard additives.
Many additives industries have economical concerns with out even looking to the ENVIROMENTAL & HEALTH issues and the health organizations should be more severe about these greediness people.