1. Professor Veronica Emilia Nuzzolo © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts CHAPTER 13 THERAPY AND TREATMENT

2. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 13-2 Introductory Psychology Concepts: Therapy and Treatment Helping Individuals Change Behavior Therapists use roughly 400 different varieties of psychotherapy to help treat patients for their psychological problems. PsychodynamicHumanisticCognitiveBehavioralBiological Psychoanalysis (Freud) Brief Psychodynamic Therapies Client-centered therapy (Rogers) Gestalt therapy (Perls) Rational-emotive therapy (Ellis) Cognitive therapy (Beck) Classical conditioning Exposure Systematic desensitization Aversion therapy Operant conditioning Positive reinforcement Punishment Modeling Social skills training Drug therapy Electro- convulsive therapy Psycho- surgery Therapies for psychological disorders

3. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 13-3 Psychological Perspective: Understanding and Treating Abnormal Behavior in Terms of Psychological Events Psychoanalytic Therapies (Freud): Abnormal behavior is a result of unconscious conflict among the id, ego, and superego. Treatment involves relaxing the barriers of the conscious mind and bringing unconscious conflicts into awareness. Methods include: Free association Dream Interpretation Resistance Transference Interpretation Introductory Psychology Concepts: Therapy and Treatment

4. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 13-4 Psychological Perspective: Understanding and Treating Abnormal Behavior in Terms of Psychological Events Humanistic Therapies: Based on belief that humans are capable of controlling their actions and responsible for their behaviors. Goal is to help an individual become more aware of him/herself, to unblock inner resources for self-healing. Methods include: Client-centered Therapy Gestalt Therapy Introductory Psychology Concepts: Therapy and Treatment

5. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 13-5 Behavioral Perspective: Understanding and Treating Abnormal Behavior in Terms of the Principles of Learning Methods include: Exposure and Response Prevention Aversive Conditioning Systematic Desensitization Operant Conditioning Techniques Modeling and Social Skills Training A behavior therapist guides and supports a client with a dog phobia during an in vivo exposure therapy session. Introductory Psychology Concepts: Therapy and Treatment

6. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 13-6 Biomedical Perspective: Understanding and Treating Abnormal Behavior in Terms of Biology Medical therapies are designed to change brain function in order to treat psychological disorder. Methods include: Drug Therapy Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Psychosurgery Prozac is a widely used (but still controversial) antidepressant. Introductory Psychology Concepts: Therapy and Treatment

7. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 13-7 Cognitive Perspective: Understanding and Treating Abnormal Behavior in Terms of Cognitive Events Cognitive therapy is focused on teaching adaptive change in thinking, and thus behavior. Methods include: Ellis’s Rational-Emotive Therapy Beck’s Cognitive Therapy Albert Ellis’s ABCD model describes his theory of the cause and remediation of maladaptive emotional responses and behaviors. The activating environmental event The beliefs that are activated by A The emotional and behavioral consequences produced by B The disputing and changing of B ABCD Introductory Psychology Concepts: Therapy and Treatment

8. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 13-8 Group Perspective: Understanding and Treating Abnormal Behavior via the Effects of Groups on Abnormal Behavior Therapies usually include groups of 6 to 8 clients with a single therapist. Within a group, clients can experience support, acceptance, and a sense of belonging. Methods include: Group Therapy Family Therapy Marital Therapy Introductory Psychology Concepts: Therapy and Treatment Family therapists focus on the total pattern of family interactions, and they include the entire family in treatment.

9. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 13-9 Introductory Psychology Concepts: DSM-IV The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR); Created by American Psychiatric Association in 2000 via a task force of mental health professionals The most widely used classification system in the United States. For each of its more than 350 diagnostic categories, the manual contains detailed lists of observable behaviors that must be present in order for a diagnosis to be made.

10. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 13-10 Introductory Psychology Concepts: DSM-IV The DSM Classification System The DSM-IV-TR uses a five-axis system to arrive at a comprehensive diagnosis that takes into account mental health and other relevant personal and environmental factors. Axis I Axis II Axis III Axis IV Axis V Panic disorder Dependent personality disorder High blood pressure (hypertension) Severe stress (divorce, job loss) Serious symptoms: fair overall functioning DSM-IV-TR Diagnosis Axis I Primary diagnosis

11. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 13-11 Introductory Psychology Concepts: DSM-IV The DSM Classification System The DSM-IV-TR uses a five-axis system to arrive at a comprehensive diagnosis that takes into account mental health and other relevant personal and environmental factors. Axis I Axis II Axis III Axis IV Axis V Panic disorder Dependent personality disorder High blood pressure (hypertension) Severe stress (divorce, job loss) Serious symptoms: fair overall functioning DSM-IV-TR Diagnosis Axis II Personality disorders or mental retardation

12. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 13-12 Introductory Psychology Concepts: DSM-IV The DSM Classification System The DSM-IV-TR uses a five-axis system to arrive at a comprehensive diagnosis that takes into account mental health and other relevant personal and environmental factors. Axis I Axis II Axis III Axis IV Axis V Panic disorder Dependent personality disorder High blood pressure (hypertension) Severe stress (divorce, job loss) Serious symptoms: fair overall functioning DSM-IV-TR Diagnosis Axis III Relevant physical disorders

13. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 13-13 Introductory Psychology Concepts: DSM-IV The DSM Classification System The DSM-IV-TR uses a five-axis system to arrive at a comprehensive diagnosis that takes into account mental health and other relevant personal and environmental factors. Axis I Axis II Axis III Axis IV Axis V Panic disorder Dependent personality disorder High blood pressure (hypertension) Severe stress (divorce, job loss) Serious symptoms: fair overall functioning DSM-IV-TR Diagnosis Axis IV Intensity of psychosocial and environmental problems

14. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 13-14 Introductory Psychology Concepts: DSM-IV The DSM Classification System The DSM-IV-TR uses a five-axis system to arrive at a comprehensive diagnosis that takes into account mental health and other relevant personal and environmental factors. Axis I Axis II Axis III Axis IV Axis V Panic disorder Dependent personality disorder High blood pressure (hypertension) Severe stress (divorce, job loss) Serious symptoms: fair overall functioning DSM-IV-TR Diagnosis Axis V Global assessment of level of functioning (GAF)