1. MENTAL PROCESSES OF LEARNING 1-Memory 2-Forgetting 3-Thinking 4-Reasoning 5-Concept Formation 6-Problem Solving

2. memory Woodwerth and Marquis1948 ”Memory consists in remembering what has previously been learned”. Two variables: retention and reproduce --”The process of retaining and reproducing what has been learnt known as remembering. The power of mind to retain and reproduce experience is called memory”

3. According to Woodwerth, four main elements involved in memory a-Learning-acquisition of new experience b-Retention-preserving the material learnt. c-Recall-revival of memorized things. d-Recognition is the identification of the material, retained and recalled. Good memory consists of easy learning,long retention,quick recall and accurate recognition

4. Types-STM&LTM We remember certain information for half a minute and certain others for minutes,hours,years,even a life time. One is short term memory with a time frame up to 30 seconds and long term memory with a time frame of up to a life time

5. Difference STMLTM Rapid decayPermanent storage Limited capacityLarge capacity Not resistant to distractionMore resistant Memory traces erased very soonPermanantely present Rehearsing-movement to LTMNo transfer 30 second durationmay cover the entire life period

6. Stratagies to improve memory 1-will and determination. 2-interest and attention 3-to follow principle of association. like SPA 4-Grouping and Rhythm. Ex:-142859306…142 859 306 Sing-song fashion 5-use multisensory approaches 6-arranging better learning situation 7-provide proper rest 8-Reptition

7. Forgetting “Forgetting is the loss,permanent or temperory,of the ability to recall or recognize something learned earlier” (Munn,1967) -it is failing to recall, what has been learnt when attempting to do so. It is of two types 1-Active Forgetting-purposful 2-Passive forgetting-Normal

8. Causes of forgetting -Disuse-practice -interference of newly learned material -Emotional Disability -Alteration of stimulus condition -Brain injury

9. Thinking “Thinking is a problem solving process in which we use ideas or symbols in place of overt activity” Gilmer-1917 Convergent thinking:-it is the process of finding out a single best solution for a problem. Ex:-which is the fastest method to receive money. Divergent thinking:-It is the process of creating many unique solutions for solving a problem. eg:-how we can design much more beautiful product.

10. Tinking-cntn Reflective Thinking:-The process of making judgment about what has happened. ex:-for better performance next time. Steps 1-Experience something. 2-Think about what happened 3-learn from experience.

11. Reasoning “Reasoning is step- wise thinking with a purpose or goal in mind”. Garrett(1971) Inductive reasoning:-It draws conclusion from evidence. Ex:-Ram is mortal,mohan is mortal-Therefoe,all men are mortal Deductive reasoning:-Having a conclusion and then testing your conclusion to prove or disprove. Ex:-All men are mortal:I am a man,ie I am mortal.

12. Concept formation A concept is the generalized meaning that is attached to an object or idea. -it involves both discrimination and generalization. Experience is a great factor in concept formation. -In early childhood, the concrete experience in the form of actual objects. -Later period-vicarious experience-reading, watching movies,etc Later-modification of existing concepts.

13. Problem Solving “Problem solving is a process of overcoming difficulties that appear to interfere with the attainment of a goal. It is a procedure of making adjustment in spite of interferences” Skinner-1968 -Problem solving is the application of ideas,skills or factual information to achieve the solution to a problem.

14. Steps for problem solving John Bransford and Barry Stein (1984)advocated five steps that are associated with the task of problem solving. These are known as”IDEAL” stratagy for problem solving. 1-Identification of the problem 2-Defining the problem 3-Exploring possible strategy 4-Acting on the stratagy 5-Looking back and evaluate the effectof once activity.

15. Strategies for Problem Solving 1:Algorithm-Step by step procedure 2:Heuristic Method:General strategies used to make quick solutions to problems.It may true or false. Ex;-Shorter lines move faster,Experience and quality 3:Graphical method:Using graphical represetation for solving a problem.