1. Fungi

2. Characteristics of Fungus
Eukaryotes.
Have cell walls.
Heterotrophs that feed by absorbing their food.
Use spores to reproduce.

3. Cell Structure of Fungus
Fungi range in size from tiny yeast to large multicellular fungi.
Yeast

4. Cell of all fungi are surrounded by cell walls.
Hyphae make up most fungi. They are branching and threadlike fibers and make up the body of the fungus.
Substances move quickly through hyphae.

5. Important Parts of Fungus
Cap
Gills
Stalk
Hyphae
Underground hyphae

6. The way a fungus looks depends on how its hyphae are arranged.

7. Fairy rings are an example of just how strangely the hyphae of fungus can arrange itself!

8. Fungi absorb food through hyphae that grow into a food source.
The hyphae ooze a digestive chemical that makes the food easy to suck up (mushy- yuck).
Some feed on dead organisms.

9. ASEXUAL & SEXUAL SPORES
REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
ASEXUAL & SEXUAL SPORES

10. REPRODUCTION Most fungi reproduce Asexually and Sexually by spores
ASEXUAL reproduction is most common method & produces genetically identical organisms
Fungi reproduce SEXUALLY when conditions are poor & nutrients scarce

11. SPORES Spores are an adaptation to life on land
Ensure that the species will disperse to new locations
Each spore contains a reproductive cell that forms a new organism
Nonmotile
Dispersed by wind

12. Sexual Reproduction

13. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Used when environmental conditions are poor (lack of nutrients, space, moisture…)
No male or female fungi
Some fungi show dimorphism
May grow as MYCELIA or a YEAST –LIKE state (Filament at 25oC & Round at 37oC)
Dimorphic Fungi

14. - + SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Haploid 1n hyphae from 2 mating types (+ and -) FUSE (Fertilization)
Forms a hyphae with 2 nuclei that becomes a ZYGOTE
The zygote divides to make a SPORE - +
SPORE FORMS

15. ASexual Reproduction

16. THREE TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Fragmentation – part of the mycelium becomes separated & begins a life of its own
Budding – a small cell forms & gets pinched off as it grows to full size
Used by yeasts
Asexual spores – production of spores by a single mycelium

17. Reproduce by spores Spores may be Formed: Directly on hyphae
Inside sporangia
On Fruiting bodies
Penicillium hyphae
Fungi reproduce by releasing spores that are produced either sexually or asexually.
The output of spores from one reproductive structure is enormous, with the number reaching into the trillions.
Dispersed widely by wind or water, spores germinate to produce mycelia if they land in a moist place where there is food.
Pilobolus sporangia
Amanita fruiting body

18. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Fruiting Bodies are modified hyphae that make asexual spores
An upright stalk called the Sporangiosphore supports the spore case or Sporangium

19. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Types of Fruiting Bodies: Basidia Sporangia Ascus

20. Hyphal growth from spore
Germinating spore
mycelium
Fungal mycelia can be huge, but they usually escape notice because they are subterranean.
One giant individual of Armillaria ostoyae in Oregon is 3.4 miles in diameter and covers 2,200 acres of forest,
It is at least 2,400 years old, and weighs hundreds of tons.
(Actually noone has seen this of this extent – but cultures have been taken from soil over that area and all isolates have been found to be the same individual)
Ten cubic centimeters of rich organic soil may have fungal hyphae with a surface area of over 300 cm2
Mycelia have a huge surface area
More surface area aids digestion & absorption of food

21. Classification of Fungi
Club Fungi
Sac Fungi
Zygote Fungi

22. Club Fungi
Produce spores in reproductive structures that look like clubs.
Some like puffballs are the most poisionous.

23. Yeasts, morels and yes…TRUFFELS.
Sac Fungi
Produce spores that look like long sacs (but you can see that in these pictures).
Yeasts, morels and yes…TRUFFELS.

24. Can survive harsh environmental conditions.
Zygote Fungi
Can survive harsh environmental conditions.
Fruit and Bread Molds.

25. h]
Three Groups of Fungi
Mushrooms
Molds
Yeast

26. Mushrooms Mushrooms are multicellular fungi
They produce thousands of spores
The main bosy of this fungus is under the ground in a mycelium form
Mycelium is the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae.

27. Molds Molds are simple organisms that are made up of two parts
The filaments - a slender threadlike object or fiber
The spore structures
They are hairy, fuzzy fungus that grows on spoiled food
They are multicellular.
Penicilliium is a very common mold that is used today in the “wonder drug” called penicillin

28. Yeasts Is a unicellular fungus
That is larger and more complex than a bacteria cell. It is a Eukaryotic Cell
This can be used in the making of
Bread
Alcohol
And carbon dioxide

29. The Role of Fungi in Nature Environment and Recycling
Harm
Food and Fungi
Benefits
Environment and Recycling

30. Environment and Recycling
Fungi are the major decomposers of nature; they break down organic matter which would otherwise not be recycled.
Aiding the survival of species from other kingdoms through the supply of nutrients, fungi play a major role as decomposers and recyclers in the wide variety of habitats in which they exist.

31. Food and Fungi
Fungi may be the food, or may make the food edible following processing. Processing may make it possible to consume the foodstuff by adding, modifying or removing components.
Fungi are a common contributor to the processing of foods.

32. Benefits and Harm Beneficial Effects of Fungi Harmful Effects of Fungi
Decomposition - nutrient and carbon recycling.
Biosynthetic factories. Can be used to produce drugs, antibiotics, alcohol, acids, food (e.g., fermented products, mushrooms).
Model organisms for biochemical and genetic studies.
Harmful Effects of Fungi
Destruction of food, lumber, paper, and cloth.
Animal and human diseases, including allergies.
Toxins produced by poisonous mushrooms and within food (e.g., grain, cheese, etc.).
Plant diseases.