2. Basic Assumptions  No information about duration of each “position” (not stages).  May demonstrate a range of structures at any given time, so the position is the central tendency.  Position is the lens with which you view the world, and the positions are static. Change only occurs within the transition between positions.  Development beyond the final position represents ethical development because it no longer reflects changes in cognitive structures or complexity.

3.  Dichotomous; black and white; right and wrong.  Knowledge is seen as quantitative (facts) and authorities (people and books) are seen as having the right answers.

4.  When students realize that authority figures don’t always have the right answers, they shift to a multiplistic meaning-making system in which all opinions are equally valid.  Students more likely to form their own opinions, or seek information from peers.

5.  Initiated by the realization that opinions need support.  All opinions no longer appear equally valid.  Knowledge is viewed qualitatively, and contextually defined based on evidence and support.

6. Basic Assumptions  May use or show forward progress in a number of stages at the same time. Overall moral level of development would be seen as a percentage of time operating in each stage.  Can shift back and forth between stages over time and in different contexts.

7. Personal Interest  Stage 1: Obedience (Do what you’re told)  Stage 2: Instrumental egoism and simple exchange (Let’s make a deal) Maintaining Norms  Stage 3: Interpersonal concordance (Be considerate, nice, and kind, and you’ll get along with people)  Stage 4: Law and duty to the social order (Everyone in society is obligated and protected by the law) Postconventional  Stage 5: Societal consensus (You are obligated by whatever arrangements are agreed to by due process)  Stage 6: Nonarbitrary social cooperation (How rational and impartial people would organize cooperation is considered moral)

8.  The ability to put oneself in another person’s place (called perspective taking).  Increasing complexity of general cognitive structures (Dualism, Multiplicity, Relativism).  Progress occurs as a result of “reasoning plus one” or thinking at the next stage higher.  Progress occurs through disequilibrium or cognitive conflict, when individuals are faced with situations that arouse internal contradictions (Moral Dilemmas).

10. The Accident You are an emergency worker that has just been called to the scene of an accident. When you arrive you see that the car belongs to your husband. Fearing the worst you rush over to see he is trapped in his car with another woman. He sees you and although barely conscious, he manages to mouth the words “I’m sorry”… You don’t understand, but his look answers your question. The woman next to him is his lover with whom he’s been having an affair. You reel back in shock, devastated by what his eyes have just told you. As you step back, the wreck in front of you comes into focus. You see your husband is seriously hurt and he needs attention straight away. Even if he gets attention there’s a very high chance he’ll die. You look at the seat next to him and see his lover. She’s bleeding heavily from a wound to the neck and you need to stem the flow of blood immediately. It will only take about 5 minutes to stop, but it will mean your husband will definitely die. If you tend to your husband however, the woman will bleed to death despite the fact it could have been avoided. Who would you choose to work on?

11. Bali Drug Bust You are on holiday in Bali with your 18 year old son and wife. You have been there for a week and are ready to head home. All three of you are at the airport getting ready to board your plane, when an armed officer comes around with a sniffer dog. You have all your bags on a trolley, and the dog sniffs at both your wife and your bag, and passes over it, however when he gets to your sons bag, he begins to get a bit more active. You look over at your son and he’s looking a little nervous. You know he’s smoked a little marijuana in his time, but generally, he’s a good kid, and you certainly didn’t think he’d actually be stupid enough to bring it back on the plane with him. At first you feel angry that he would do such a thing and start planning your responsibility lecture, but then you realize that you are in Bali, and they have a zero tolerance policy on drugs, meaning your son could be jailed for life, or worse, executed, if he does have some illicit materials in his bag. You look at your wife and realize she has come to the same conclusion and has gone pale with fear. The armed officer accompanying the dog is beginning to look more stern with every sniff the dog takes and looks directly at you and asks you to open to the bag. You do, and as the officer begins to take things out of the bag, you see to your horror that there is a small quantity of marijuana stashed in with your sons belongings. The officer looks at you and asks “Who’s bag is this?” You realize you have to answer, but the answer won’t be easy. You see your wife in the corner of your eye, and she is about to step forward and claim it as her own; what do you say?