1. Unit 6 Grammar Forms & Functions 3
Modals part 1
Unit 6 Grammar Forms & Functions 3

2. Introduction to Modal Verbs & Phrases
Use modal verbs WITH a main verb.
Subject + Modal + Verb = You should see a doctor.
Subject + Modal + NOT + Verb = They can not play baseball.
Yes/No Questions: Modal + Subject + Verb = Can you swim?
Wh- Questions: Wh- Word + Modal + Subject + Verb = When should we eat?
Modals
Modal Phrases
can/could
must
will
should
would
may/might
be able to
have to
be going to
be supposed to
used to
be allowed to

3. Can, Could, Be Able To = Express Ability
“Can” can talk about ability in the present and future
“Could” can talk about ability in the past
“Be able to” also expresses ability – not used as frequently as “can” and “could”
Use “was able to” or “were able to” for opportunity that resulted in action – not “could”
Use “will be able to” about an ability that we do not currently have but will have in the future
Sometimes have to use “be able to” instead of “can” such as with other modals
Usually use “can” or “could” with stative verbs like “see, hear, smell, taste, understand, and remember.”

4. Verbs followed by infinitives
Click on the correct sentence.
A. She ride a bicycle can.
Incorrect. The modal should go in front of the verb.
Correct. The modal should go in front of the verb.
B. She can ride a bicycle.
C. Both are correct.
Incorrect. Try again.
A. They could not find the right exit.
Correct. “Not” goes between the modal and the verb.
B. They could find not the right exit.
Incorrect. “Not” goes between the modal and the verb.
Incorrect. Try again.
C. Both are correct.
Correct. Should be modal (Can) + subject (you) + verb (go).
A. Can you go on Saturday?
Incorrect. Should be modal (Can) + subject (you) + verb (go).
B. Can you on Saturday go?
C. Both are correct.
Incorrect. Try again.
Click to go to next slide.

5. Verbs followed by infinitives
Click on the correct sentence.
A. When Tom comes, he will be able to help you.
Both are correct. Use “can” or “will be able to” to express ability in the future.
B. When Tom comes, he can help you.
Both are correct. Use “can” or “will be able to” to express ability in the future.
Correct. See explanations.
C. Both are correct.
A. She can jog three miles before she hurt her knee.
Incorrect. Use “could” for past abilities.
Correct. Use “could” for past abilities.
B. She could jog three miles before she hurt her knee.
C. Both are correct.
Incorrect. Try again.
A. We might be able to finish soon.
Correct. Use “be able to” with another modal like “might.”
Incorrect. Use “be able to” with another modal like “might.”
B. We might can finish soon.
C. Both are correct.
Incorrect. Try again.
Click to go to next slide.

6. Must, Have To, Have Got To = Obligation and Necessity
“Have to” is more common than “must” in spoken English (hafta)
“Must” is used on forms, signs, notices = formal situations
“Must” = necessity comes from speaker >> You must turn in your paragraphs next week.
“Have to” = necessity comes from outside the speaker >> I have to write my paragraph (because the teacher said so).
“Must” can show urgency >> We must get her to the doctor now.
“Have got to” is informal English
No past form of “must” or “have got to” >> “have to” can be used in the past
“Have got to” can become a contraction; “have to” cannot be a contraction
>> I have to buy a computer. >> I’ve got to buy a computer.

7. Verbs followed by infinitives
Click on the correct sentence.
A. The last person to leave must lock the doors.
Both are correct. “Have to” and “must” express obligation.
B. The last person to leave has to lock the doors.
Both are correct. “Have to” and “must” express obligation.
Correct. See explanations.
C. Both are correct.
A. I had got to go early last night.
Incorrect. Do not use “have got to go” in past tense.
Correct. Do not use “have got to go” in past tense.
B. I had to go early last night.
Incorrect. Try again.
C. Both are correct.
Incorrect. “Have got to” can be contracted, but “have to” cannot be contracted.
A. I’ve to borrow money for a car.
B. I’ve got to borrow money for a car.
Correct. “Have got to” can be contracted, but “have to” cannot be contracted.
C. Both are correct.
Incorrect. Try again.
Click to go to next slide.

8. Not Have to, Must Not = Prohibition and Lack of Necessity
“Not have to” means “not necessary because there is another possibility”
“Must not” means “do not do something because it is not allowed or it is against the law”
Do not use “must not” with adults usually
“Not have to” can be used in past, present, and future
“Must not” is only used in the present or future

9. Verbs followed by infinitives
Click on the correct sentence.
A. Billy, you must not go near the fire.
Correct. Of course, “Billy” is a child or else we would not talk to him like this.
Incorrect. Need a main verb to go with the modal “should.”
B. Billy, you should not near the fire.
C. Both are correct.
Incorrect. Try again.
A. I did not have to renew my driver’s license this year.
Correct. “Did not have to” is the past form of “not have to.”
Incorrect. There is not a past form of “must not.”
B. I did must not renew my driver’s license this year.
C. Both are correct.
Incorrect. Try again.
A. You must to not help me today.
Incorrect. “Must not” does not have a “to” between them.
Correct. This means the help is not necessary, but it would be allowed.
B. You don’t have to help me today.
C. Both are correct.
Incorrect. Try again.
Click to go to next slide.

10. Should, Ought To, Had Better = To Give Advice
Use “should” more than “ought to”
“Had better” to express a strong recommendation in a specific situation
“Had better” is present or future, not past
Use “should” for questions, not “had better” and usually not “ought to”

11. Verbs followed by infinitives
Click on the correct sentence.
A. You should learn to drive.
Both are correct. Both are giving advice.
B. You ought to learn to drive.
Both are correct. Both are giving advice.
Correct. See explanations.
C. Both are correct.
A. You have better leave now, or you’ll be late.
Incorrect. “Had better” is present and future tense.
Correct. “Had better” can be contracted down to “ ‘d.”
B. You’d better leave now, or you’ll be late.
C. Both are correct.
Incorrect. Try again.
A. Should we go together?
Correct. We use “should” in questions.
Incorrect. Do not use “had better” in questions.
B. Had we better go together?
C. Both are correct.
Incorrect. Try again.
Click to go to next slide.

12. Should Have, Ought To Have = Regret or a Mistake
Modal + “have” + past participle = a perfect modal >> I should have gone there.
Do not write “should of” instead of “should have”
“Should have” or “Ought to have” refer to the best thing to do, but it wasn’t what we did.

13. Verbs followed by infinitives
Click on the correct sentence.
A. When should I have repaired the car?
Correct. The verb should be in the past participle form.
B. When should I have repair the car?
Incorrect. The verb should be in the past participle form.
Incorrect. Try again.
C. Both are correct.
A. He ought not to have said that.
Correct. “Ought not to have” for the negative.
Incorrect. “Should not” does not have a “to” after it.
B. He should not to have said that.
C. Both are correct.
Incorrect. Try again.
Incorrect. “Should of” is not grammatically correct.
A. I should of brought more money.
B. I should have brought more money.
Correct. “Should have” is one of the perfect tense modals.
C. Both are correct.
Incorrect. Try again.
Click to go to next slide.

14. Be Supposed To = Expectation
“Be supposed to” talks about what we expect to happen because it is normal or part of an arrangement or duty or custom
There often is a difference between what is supposed to happen and what really happens
“Was supposed to” or “were supposed to” for past tense

15. Verbs followed by infinitives
Click on the correct sentence.
Incorrect. Use “was supposed to” or “were supposed to” for past tense.
A. She is supposed to call yesterday, but she didn’t.
Correct. Use “was supposed to” or “were supposed to” for past tense.
B. She was supposed to call yesterday, but she didn’t.
C. Both are correct.
Incorrect. Try again.
A. You are supposed to take something for the host when you go for dinner.
Both are correct. “Be supposed to” shows expectation and “should” represents advice.
B. You should take something for the host when you go for dinner.
Both are correct. “Be supposed to” shows expectation and “should” represents advice.
C. Both are correct.
Correct. See explanations.
Click to end show.