1. Chapter 18 Virtual Circuit Switching : Frame Relay and ATM

2. 18.1 Virtual Circuit Switching
Global Addressing
Virtual Circuit Identifier
Three Phases
Data Transfer Phase
Setup Phase
Teardown Phase

3. Virtual circuit wide area network

4. Global Addressing
In virtual circuit networks, global addressing is used only to create a virtual circuit identifier.

5. Virtual Circuit Identifier (VCI)
Each switch can use its own unique set of VCIs

6. Three Phases

7. Three Phases
In the setup phase, the source and destination use their global addresses to help switches make table entries for the connection.
In the teardown phase, the source and destination inform the switches to erase the corresponding entry.
Data phase occurs between these two phases.

8. Data Transfer Phase
To transfer a frame from a source to its destination, all switches need to have a table entry for this virtual circuit.

9. Data Transfer Phase (cont’d)
Source-to-destination data Transfer

10. Setup Phase
How does a switch create a switch create an entry for a virtual circuit?
Permanent virtual circuit (PVC) approach
Switched virtual circuit (SVC) approach

11. Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC)
Simple way
Like a leased line
The corresponding table entry is recorded for all switches by the administrator (of course remotely and electrically)
In the duplex communication, two virtual circuit are established.

12. Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC)
Creating temporary and short connection that exists only when data are being transferred between source and destination.
Setup request
VCI (77) lets the destination know that
the frames come from A and not
other sources

13. SVC (cont’d)
SVC setup acknowledgment

14. Teardown Phase
In this phase, source A, after sending all frames to B, sends a special frame called a teardown request.
Destination B responds with a teardown confirmation frame.
All switches erase the corresponding entry from their tables.

15. X.25 vs. Frame Relay Feature X.25 Frame Relay Connection establishment
At the network layer
None
Hop-by-hop flow control
and error control
At the data link layer
End-to-end flow control
Data rate
Fixed
Bursty
Multiplxing
Congestion control
Not necessary
Necessary

16. X.25 vs. Frame Relay

17. Features of Frame Relay
Operating in higher speed such as Mbps, 45Mbps
Operating in just the physical and data link layers
Allowing bursty data
Allowing a frame size of 9000 bytes, which can accommodate all local area network fame sizes
less expensive
Error detection at the data link layer only
no flow control or error control

18. Architecture

19. Virtual Circuit
A virtual circuit in FR is identified by a number called a data link connection identifier (DLCI)
Using PVC and SVC

20. Virtual Circuit
SVC
SVC 연결에 필요한 DLCI

21. FR Switch
교환기 (Switch)
프레임 경로를 지정해주는 Table 이용

22. FR Layers
Frame Relay operates only at the physical and data link layers
Frame Relay does not provide flow or error control; they must be provided
by the upper-layer protocols.

23. Frame Relay frame
EA 0 : meaning that another address byte is to follow
DE 1 : not to discard this frame

24. Frame Relay frame

25. Congestion Control 혼잡 회피(Congestion avoidance)
혼잡이 일어났음을 발신지와 목적지에게 알리기 위해 2개의 비트 사용
BECN(Backward Explicit Congestion Notification)
트래픽 혼잡이 일어났다는 것을 송신자에게 경고하는데 사용

26. Congestion Control FECN(Forward Explicit Congestion Notification)
트래픽 혼잡이 일어났다는 것을 수신자에게 경고하는데 사용

27. Congestion Control
4 cases of congestion

28. FRAD

29. ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is the cell relay protocol by the ATM Forum and adopted by the ITU-T

30. Design Requirements 고속 전송률 매체(광섬유) 사용을 최적화할 수 있는 전송시스템 필요
기존 시스템 (패킷 네트워크) 과 연결할 수 있는 시스템 필요
비용이 적게 들게 설계
다른 것과 호환성을 갖도록 기존의 전기통신 구조 체계 지원
정확성과 예측 가능한 배달을 보증하기 위한 연결 중심(connection-oriented)
하드웨어에 많은 기능을 부여하여 소프트웨어 기능 처리로 인한 감속 제거

31. Multiplexing using different frame sizes

32. Cell Networks
A cell network uses the cell as the basic unit of data exchange. A cell is defined as a small, fixed-sized block of information.

33. Multiplexing Using Cells

34. Asynchronous TDM

35. Architecture of ATM Network

36. Virtual Connection

37. Example of VPs and VCs
Note that a virtual connection is defined by a pair of numbers: the VPI and the VCI.

38. Connection Identifiers

39. Virtual connection identifiers in UNIs and NNIs

40. An ATM Cell

41. Routing with a Switch

42. ATM Layers

43. ATM layers in endpoint devices and switches

44. ATM Layer

45. ATM Headers

46. AAL1
- 고정 비트 전송률 정보 전달 응용 지원
- 기존 디지털 전화 네트워크의 ATM 연결 허용

47. AAL2
- 가변 비트 전송률 응용 지원
- 농구 경기 중계와 같은 고속 데이터 전송률 지원

48. AAL3/4
AAL3 – 연결중심 데이터 서비스 지원
AAL4 – 비연결형 서비스 지원

49. AAL5 - 단순하고 효과적인 응용층(SEAL : simple and efficient adaptation layer) 지원
- 점대점 연결을 이용하는 ATM 백본과 LAN
- 다중화 기능이 없으므로 순서화나 오류정정 메커니즘이 불필요

50. Questions !