1. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 1 Upon completion you will be able to: IP Over ATM Review the features of an ATM WAN Understand how an a datagram can pass through an ATM WAN Understand how an IP packet is encapsulated in cells Understand how cells are routed in an ATM network Understand the function of ATMARP Objectives

2. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 2 A cell network uses the cell as the basic unit of data exchange. A cell is defined as a small, fixed-size block of information. Note:

3. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 3 Figure 3.23 ATM multiplexing

4. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 4 Figure 3.24 Architecture of an ATM network

5. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 5 Figure 3.25 Virtual circuits

6. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 6 Note that a virtual connection is defined by a pair of numbers: the VPI and the VCI. Note:

7. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 7 Figure 3.26 An ATM cell

8. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 8 Figure 3.27 ATM layers

9. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 9 The IP protocol uses the AAL5 sublayer. Note:

10. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 10 Figure 23.2 ATM layers in routers and switches The only AAL used by the Internet is AAL5, sometimes called the simple and efficient adaptation layer (SEAL).

11. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 11 End devices such as routers use all three layers, while switches use only the bottom two layers. Note:

12. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 12 Figure 23.3 AAL5

13. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 13 The AAL layer used by the IP protocol is AAL5. Note:

14. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 14 Figure 23.4 ATM layer

15. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 15 Figure 23.5 ATM headers

16. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 16 23.2 CARRYING A DATAGRAM IN CELLS We show how an example of a datagram encapsulated in four cells and transmitted through an ATM network. The topics discussed in this section include: Why Use AAL5?

17. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 17 Figure 23.6 Fragmentation

18. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 18 Only the last cell carries the 8-byte trailer added to the IP datagram. Padding can be added only to the last cell or the last two cells. Note:

19. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 19 The value of the PT field is 000 in all cells carrying an IP datagram fragment except for the last cell; the value is 001 in the last cell. Note:

20. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 20 Figure 23.7 ATM cells

21. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 21 23.3 ROUTING THE CELLS The ATM network creates a route between two routers. We call these routers entering-point and exiting-point routers. The topics discussed in this section include: Addresses Address Binding

22. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 22 Figure 23.8 Entering-point and exiting-point routers

23. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 23 23.4 ATMARP ATMARP finds (maps) the physical address of the exiting-point router given the IP address of the exiting-point router. No broadcasting is involved. The topics discussed in this section include: Packet Format ATMARP Operation

24. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 24 Figure 23.9 ATMARP packet

25. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 25 Table 23.1 OPER field

26. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 26 The inverse request and inverse reply messages can bind the physical address to an IP address in a PVC situation. Note:

27. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 27 Figure 23.10 Binding with PVC

28. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 28 Figure 23.11 Binding with ATMARP

29. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 29 The request and reply message can be used to bind a physical address to an IP address in an SVC situation. Note:

30. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 30 The inverse request and inverse reply can also be used to build the server’s mapping table. Note:

31. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 31 Figure 23.12 Building a table

32. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 32 23.5 LOGICAL IP SUBNET (LIS) An ATM network can be divided into logical (not physical) subnetworks. This facilitates the operation of ATMARP and other protocols (such as IGMP) that need to simulate broadcasting on an ATM network.

33. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 33 Figure 23.13 LIS

34. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 34 LIS allows an ATM network to be divided into several logical subnets. To use ATMARP, we need a separate server for each subnet. Note: