1. Fig. 53-3
TEST REVIEW

2. Fig
8,000
6,000
4,000
?????
2,000
Exponential growth
J curve
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
Label each axis.
?????

3. Human population (billions)
Fig 7 6 5 4
Human population (billions) 3 2
The Plague 1
8000
B.C.E.
4000
B.C.E.
3000
B.C.E.
2000
B.C.E.
1000
B.C.E.
1000
C.E.
2000
C.E.

4. What is the carrying capacity?
Fig
Exponential
growth
2,000 dN =
1.0N dt
1,500
K = 1,500
Population size (N)
Logistic growth
1,000 dN
1,500 – N =
1.0N dt
1,500
500 5 10 15
Number of generations
What is the carrying capacity?

5. predator/prey interaction
Fig
“Boom & Bust”
Indicates close
predator/prey interaction
Snowshoe hare
160
120 9
Lynx
Number of hares
(thousands)
Number of lynx
(thousands) 80 6 40 3
1850
1875
1900
1925
Year

6. Distinguishing between niches
Fig. 54-3a
JH Connell experiment – demonstrating
Competition & theoretical vs. realized niches
EXPERIMENT
High tide
Chthalamus
Chthamalus
?? niche
Balanus
Balanus
?? niche
Ocean
Low tide
Distinguishing between niches

7. Diagram shows that without competition
Fig. 54-3b
Diagram shows that without competition
the Chathalamus barnacle could occupy its
theoretical niche.
RESULTS
High tide
Chthamalus
???? niche
Ocean
Low tide

8. Name the trophic levels Quaternary consumers Carnivore Carnivore ????
Fig
Quaternary
consumers
Carnivore
Carnivore
????
consumers
Carnivore
Carnivore
????
consumers
Name the
trophic levels
Carnivore
Carnivore
????
consumers
Herbivore
Zooplankton
?????
Plant
Phytoplankton
A terrestrial food chain
A marine food chain

9. Showing connectedness of organisms using energy arrows
Fig
Humans
Smaller
toothed
whales
Baleen
whales
Sperm
whales
Elephant
seals
Marine food web
Showing connectedness
of organisms using
energy arrows
Crab-eater
seals
Leopard
seals
Birds
Fishes
Squids
Carnivorous
plankton
Euphausids
(krill)
Copepods
Phyto-
plankton

10. What distinguishes primary succession from secondary?
Fig
What distinguishes primary succession from secondary?
(a) Soon after fire
(b) One year after fire

11. Seral stages of primary succession.
Fig a
Seral stages of primary succession. 1
Pioneer stage, with fireweed dominant

12. Fig b 2
Dryas stage

13. Fig c 3
Alder stage

14. Fig d 4
Spruce stage

15. 60 50 40 Soil nitrogen (g/m2) 30 20 10 Pioneer Dryas Alder Spruce
Fig 60 50 40
Soil nitrogen (g/m2) 30 20 10
Pioneer
Dryas
Alder
Spruce
Successional stage

16. Plant material eaten by caterpillar Cellular respiration Feces ?????
Fig. 55-9
Not all energy
available from the
leaf is used to
generate biomass
for the caterpillar
Plant material
eaten by caterpillar
200 J
67 J
Cellular
respiration
100 J
Feces
33 J
?????

17. Regardless of an ecosystem’s size, its dynamics involve two main processes: energy flow and chemical cycling
Energy ___________ through ecosystems while matter _________ within.

18. Conservation of Energy – The first law of thermodynamics
States that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed
Energy enters an ecosystem as solar radiation, is conserved, and is lost from organisms as______
All Life Runs on ?????
Energy for all life on earth
ultimately come from ?????

19. Conservation of Mass
The law of conservation of mass states that matter cannot be created or destroyed
Chemical elements are continually recycled within ecosystems

20. In a forest ecosystem, most nutrients ______________in rain and are carried away in water
Ecosystems are open systems, absorbing energy and mass and releasing heat and waste products

21. Energy, Mass, and Trophic Levels
___________build molecules themselves using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis as an energy source.
___________depend on the biosynthetic output of other organisms

22. What is this an equation for?
????
????

23. ??? ??? ??? ???
Photosynthesis

24. Detritivores, or decomposers, are consumers that derive their energy from detritus, nonliving organic matter
Prokaryotes and fungi are important detritivores
Decomposition connects all trophic levels

25. How much energy is being transferred to the next trophic level?
Fig
Tertiary
consumers
100 J
Secondary
consumers
1000 J
Primary
consumers
10,000 J
Figure An idealized pyramid of net production
Primary
producers
100,000J
1,000,000 J of sunlight
How much energy is being transferred to the next trophic level?

26. The Terrestrial Nitrogen Cycle
The pathway in which nitrogen moves through the ecosystem
Nitrogen is a component of ??????
The main reservoir of nitrogen (N2) is the?????. N2 gas must be converted to other forms.

27. 4 processes of the Nitrogen Cycle
?????????- process converts N2 into
NH4+ (ammonium ions). Done by nitrogen fixing bacteria found in soil or nodules on roots of?????
Examples: ?????

28. NH4+ is decomposed to NO2- and often to NO3– by????
Nitrifying ??????convert NH4+ in soils
Plants absorb nitrates through?????
Bashan, Y. and Levanony, H. (1987)

29. ?????????
Breakdown of nitrogen compounds back into ammonia products
NO3- → NH4+

30. ??????????
Conversion of NH4+, NO2-, NO3- back to N2 gas (bacteria do this).

31. Fig
Figure Fertilization of a corn crop

32. Nitrate concentration in runoff
Fig
(a) Concrete dam
and weir
(b) Clear-cut watershed 80
Deforested 60 40
Figure Nutrient cycling in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: an example of long-term ecological research 20
Nitrate concentration in runoff
(mg/L) 4
Completion of
tree cutting 3
Control 2 1
1965
1966
1967
1968
(c) Nitrogen in runoff from watersheds

33. The Carbon Cycle Photo- synthesis Cellular respiration Burning of
Fig b
The Carbon Cycle
CO2 in atmosphere
Photosynthesis
Photo-
synthesis
Cellular
respiration
Burning of
fossil fuels
and wood
Phyto-
plankton
Higher-level
consumers
Primary
consumers
Figure Nutrient cycles
Carbon compounds
in water
Detritus
Decomposition

34. Photosynthesis

36. Toxins in the Environment
Humans release many toxic chemicals, including synthetics previously unknown to nature
In some cases, harmful substances persist for long periods in an ecosystem
One reason toxins are harmful is that they become more concentrated in successive trophic levels
Biological magnification concentrates toxins at higher trophic levels, where biomass is lower

37. PCBs and many pesticides such as DDT are subject to biological magnification in ecosystems
In the 1960s Rachel Carson brought attention to the biomagnification of DDT in birds in her book Silent Spring

38. Herring gull eggs 124 ppm Concentration of PCBs Lake trout 4.83 ppm
Fig
Herring
gull eggs
124 ppm
Lake trout
4.83 ppm
Concentration of PCBs
Smelt
1.04 ppm
Figure Biological magnification of PCBs in a Great Lakes food web
Zooplankton
0.123 ppm
Phytoplankton
0.025 ppm

39. Depletion of Atmospheric Ozone
Life on Earth is protected from damaging effects of UV radiation by a protective layer of ozone molecules in the atmosphere
Satellite studies suggest that the ozone layer has been gradually thinning since 1975

40. Destruction of atmospheric ozone probably results from chlorine-releasing pollutants such as CFCs produced by human activity

41. O2 Cl2O2 Chlorine atom O2 Chlorine O3 ClO ClO Sunlight Fig. 55-24
Figure How free chlorine in the atmosphere destroys ozone
Cl2O2
Sunlight

42. (a) September 1979 (b) September 2006 Fig. 55-25
Figure Erosion of Earth’s ozone shield
(a) September 1979
(b) September 2006