1. SUBSTATION LAYOUT AND ACCESSORIES
&
BUSBAR ARRANGEMENT

2. Part A : “SUBSTATION LAYOUT” Single line diagram
CONTENTS
Part A : “SUBSTATION LAYOUT”
Single line diagram
Substation Switchyard Accessories
Lightning Arrestor
CVT
Earthing switch
Wave trap
Isolator
Current transformer
Circuit Breaker
Power Transformer
Reactors and capacitors
Other Switchyard Equipments

3. PART B: “BUSBAR ARRANGEMENT”
PLCC
SCADA
PART B: “BUSBAR ARRANGEMENT”
Single bus system
Single bus system with bus sectionalizer
Double bus system
Double breaker bus system
One and a half breaker bus system
Main and transfer bus system
Double bus system with bypass isolator
Ring main bus system

4. PART- A
SWITCHYARD LAYOUTING

5. CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATIONS
Based on working
Generating substation (step up s/s)
Grid substation
Switching substation
Secondary substation a) sub transmission voltage
b) primary distribution c) distribution substation
Based on structure
Outdoor conventional air insulated substation (AIS)
Indoor substation
Compressed air insulated
G I S

6. SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

7. LIGHTNING ARRESTOR
A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems to protect the insulation on the system from the damaging effect of lightning.
Metal oxide varistors (MOVs) have been used for power system protection since the mid 1970s.
The typical lightning arrester also known as surge  arrester has a high voltage terminal and a ground terminal.
Current from the surge is diverted around the protected insulation in most cases to earth.

8. PICTURES OF SURGE DIVERTER (LIGHTNING ARRESTOR)

9. CVT
 Capacitor Voltage Transformer (CVT), Capacitance Coupled Voltage Transformer(CCVT)
 To step down extra high voltage signals and provide a low voltage .
For measurement or to operate a protective relay.

10. EARTHING SWITCH
Earth Switch is used to discharge the voltage on the circuit to the earth for safety.
Earth switch is mounted on the frame of the isolators.
It is located for each incomer transmission line and each side of the busbar section.

11. Connected in series with the power (transmission) line.
LINE TRAP (WAVE TRAP)
Connected in series with the power (transmission) line.
It blocks the high frequency carrier waves (24 KHz to 500 KHz) and let power waves (50 Hz - 60 Hz) to pass through.
It is basically an inductor of rating in Milli henry (approx 1  milli Henry for 220  KV 1250 Amp.).
It has three main components:-
1.  Main coil.  
2.  Tuning Device.  
3. Lightning Arrestor.

12. ISOLATOR
 Disconnector or Isolator switch is used to make sure that an electrical circuit can be completely de-energised for service or maintenance.
Isolator is an off-load device.
Types of Isolators are
1. Central rotating, horizontal swing
2. Centre-Break
3. Vertical swing
4. Pantograph type

13. CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Current transformers are used for Stepping down current for measurement, protection and control.
Current transformers are of two types
1. Protective CT
2. Measuring CT

14. CIRCUIT BREAKERS
A Circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow.
All circuit breakers have common features in their operation, although details vary substantially depending on the voltage class, current rating and type of the circuit breaker.
Once a fault is detected, contacts within the circuit breaker must open to interrupt the circuit.
Small circuit breakers may be manually operated; larger units have solenoids to trip the mechanism, and electric motors to restore energy to the springs.

16. Different techniques are used to extinguish the arc
: Lengthening / deflection of the arc
: Intensive cooling (in jet chambers)
: Division into partial arcs
: Zero point quenching
: Connecting capacitors in parallel with contacts in DC circuits
High-voltage breakers are broadly classified by the medium used to extinguish the arc
Bulk oil
Minimum oil
Air blast
Vacuum
SF6

17. BUSBAR
Busbars receive power from incoming circuits and deliver power to outgoing circuits.

18. POWER TRANSFORMERS
Power Transformers are used to step up or step down a.c. voltages and to transfer electrical power from one voltage level to another.

19. SHUNT REACTORS
Shunt Reactors are used for long EHV transmission lines to control voltage during low – load period.
Shunt reactors is also used to compensate shunt capacitance of transmission line during low load periods.
Usually Shunt reactors are unswitched.

20. SEREIS REACTORS
Series reactors are used to limit short – circuit current and to limit current surges
associated with fluctuating loads.
Series reactors are located at the strategic locations such that the fault levels are reduced.

21. SHUNT CAPACITORS
Shunt capacitors are used for compensating reactive power of LPF.
They are used for improving the power factor. It is also used for voltage control during heavy lagging power factor loads.
They are located at the receiving stations and distribution substations.
They are switched on during heavy loads and switched off during low loads.

22. SERIES CAPACITOR
Series Capacitors are used for some long EHV a.c. lines to improve power transferability.
They located at the sending end / receiving end of the lines.
They are provided with by pass circuit breaker and protective spark –gaps.

23. NEUTRAL GROUNDING EQUIPMENT
Neutral Grounding Equipment are Resistors and reactors.
They are used to limit the short circuit current during ground fault.
They are connected between neutral point and ground.

24. OTHER SWITCHYARD EQUIPMENTS
. MARSHALLING KIOSKS . STATION EARTHING SYSTEM . POWER CABLES . CONTROL CABLES . INSULATORS . METERING, RELAY AND CONTROL PANEL . SUPPLY SYSTEM

25. POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION
PLCC is mainly used for telecommunication, tele-protection and tele-monitoring between electrical substations through power lines at high voltages, such as 110 kv, 220 kv, 400 kv.
The voice signal is converted/compressed into the 300 Hz to 4000 Hz range.
It is known as : Power line Digital Subscriber Line (PDSL)
mains communication
power line telecom (PLT)
power line networking (PLN)
Broadband over Power Lines (BPL)

26. WHAT IS SCADA ?
SCADA stands for Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition.
It is not a full control system, but rather focuses on the supervisory level.
It is a purely software package that is positioned on top of hardware to which it is interfaced. ( via Programmable Logic Controllers(PLCs)) .

27. The SCADA systems are arranged to perform the following tasks.
• Data Collection (Data Acquisition)
• Data transmission (telemetry)
• Scanning, Indication, Monitoring, Logging.
• Control and indication.
• Ensure sequential events.
• Data presentation, display, reporting
• Execution of operating, commands: on/off,raise/lower.
• Network supervision, alarms and report any uncommon
change of state.

28. PART B
BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT

29. CONDUCTOR USED FOR BUSES
All Aluminum conductor (AAC)
All Aluminum alloy conductor (AAAC)
Aluminum conductor with aluminum alloy reinforced (ACAR)
Aluminum conductor with steel reinforced (ACSR)

30. SINGLE BUS SYATEM Advantages: 1.Simple in Design 2.Less Expenditure
Disadvantages:
1.In case of bus fault or bus bar isolator fault or maintenance total Substation is out of service.
2.In case of maintenance of transformer circuit breaker the associated transformer has also to be shut-down. Similarly for Line also.

31. SINGLE BUS WITH BUS SECTIONALISER
Advantages:
1. One complete section can be taken out for Maintenance without disturbing the continuity of other section.
2. If a fault occurs on one section of the Bus, that faulty section alone will be isolated.
Disadvantages:
It will be a little more costly with the addition of one isolator and some cases with Circuit breaker, C.Ts and C&R panel.

32. DOUBLE BUS SYSTEM Advantages:
: Double Bus Bar Arrangement increases the flexibility of system.
Disadvantages:
:The arrangement does not permit breaker maintenance with out interruption.

33. DOUBLE BREAKER BUS SYSTEM
Advantages:
There is no need of bus coupler as because the operation is done by breakers instead of isolator
Disadvantages:
Most expensive as it involves additional breaker, CT Isolators etc for each circuit.

34. ONE AND A HALF BREAKER BUS SYSTEM
Advantages:
During any fault on any one of the buses, that faulty bus will be cleared instantly without interrupting any feeders in the system since all feeders will continue to feed from other healthy bus.
Disadvantages:
This scheme is much expensive due to investment for third breaker.

35. MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS SYSTEM
Switching operation:
1.First close the isolators at both side of the bus coupler breaker.
2. Then close the bypass isolator of the feeder which is to be transferred to transfer bus.
3. Now energized the transfer bus by closing the bus coupler circuit breaker from remote.
4.After bus coupler breaker is closed, now the power from main bus flows to the feeder line through its main breaker as well as bus coupler breaker viatransfer bus.
5. Now if main breaker of the feeder is switched off, total power flow will instantaneously shift to the bus coupler breaker and hence this breaker will serve the purpose of protection for the feeder.
6. At last the operating personnel open the isolators at both sides of the main circuit breaker to make it isolated from rest of the live system.

36. DOUBLE BUS SYSTEM WITH BYPASS ISOLATOR
Advantages:
It permits breaker maintenance without interruption of power which is not possible in double bus system but it provides all the advantages of double bus system.
Disadvantages:
It however requires one additional isolator (bypass isolator) for each feeder circuit and introduces slight complication in system layout.

37. RING BUS SYSTEM Advantages:
It provides a double feed to each feeder circuit, opening one breaker under maintenance or otherwise does not affect supply to any feeder. But this system has two major disadvantages.
Flexibility for breaker maintenance
Each breaker removable without disconnecting load
Only one breaker needed per branch,
Each branch connected to network by two breakers
All change-over switching done with circuit-breakers & hence flexible.

38. THANK YOU