1. COASTS
PROTECTION METHODS

2. Storm waves attacking a sea wall

3. At the end of winter’s storms, much work is done to improve or repair sea defences. Note the groynes in the background.

4. Rip raps and a sea wall

5. Hard engineering in progress

6. The rock Groyne at Mappleton

7. Sea Walls & Groynes
Erosion rates at Aberystwyth in West Wales are not very high but the damage done by pebbles in waves can be enormous. The hard sea wall (concave) is supported by a wooden groyne.

8. Cromer’s sea defences
GROYNES

9. Revetments
These are wooden barriers with louvre-like slats across them. They trap sediment behind them – it falls through the slats – and water is able to drain away easily.
These at Cromer, Norfolk, have not stood up well to wave attack.

10. COASTAL PROTECTION Rip Raps
These are large boulders placed at the base of cliffs or sea walls to act as additional protection against wave attack. These are at Sheringham, Norfolk

11. Gabions

12. Off shore bars/reefs Bournemouth – Countryfile film
Breaks waves earlier
Additional benefits – surfing tourism

13. Here in Porthcawl a concave sea wall and rip rap groynes have been put in place. However, arguably the best natural form of defence is a large beach – effective & looks natural.

14. In many areas natural sea defences in the form of sand dunes are very effective. To protect these at Ynyslas from excessive erosion from walkers, a boardwalk has been constructed.

15. Sand dunes at Rhossilli beach, Gower

16. Sand dunes and large beach along Borth Spit

17. Probably the best form of sea defence – a large beach.