1. Sec 2 IDS, 2010 Coastal Management

2. You will learn: 1.Evaluate the feasibility of coastal protection measures at Pulau Ubin

3. Coastal Management Coastal erosion is a landward movement of the coastline. To prevent erosion, measures have been take to protect the coastline. These can include hard engineering and soft engineering methods.

4. Hard engineering methods In marine engineering, hard engineering refers to measure that use man-made and artificial structures such as concrete sea walls to protect the coasts.

5. Various types: revetments, rip-rap, concrete walls, piles of rubble, etc. Nearly 100% of the time they damage or destroy a beach which is eroding to begin with From Dean (1999) Loss of beach Flooding of beach Destruction of seawall Hard engineering methods 1. Seawalls

6. The essential problem is that the beach is moving landward naturally, but the seawall isn’t The result: NO BEACH Hard engineering methods

7. Hugely costly measures are required to restore beach, e.g., pumping sand, and this is only a temporary solution Also, houses are now closer to the water and more vulnerable On either end of the seawall, the beach erodes and is displaced toward the land naturally…so the walled part of the beach is exposed to the ocean and vulnerable to storms Hard engineering methods

8. Erosion is worst here, with severe scour occurring (this aspect is not well understood) This means that seawalls frequently need to be extended, in order to save houses which are vulnerable to being destroyed From Dean (1999) Erosion Hard engineering methods

9. Seawalls may even encourage erosion… waves are no longer absorbed by the soft sand Instead, the waves bounce off the hard seawall, scouring the beach in front The wall eventually fails Hard engineering methods

10. http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_vLWmPrr87pw/SkY8F7i1MzI/AAAAAAAAC7k/a4nHZ1P0aXI/s400/breakwater-big.jpg Breakwaters: can be constructed away from the coast OR with one end linked to the coast Erosive powers of waves are concentrated in the breakwaters, while encouraging deposition in the other side 2. Breakwaters

11. Designed to allow sediment to settle Smaller waves behind, less sediment is transported From Dean (1999) Hard engineering methods

12. Thus, beach behind breakwater can grow out to it… …but the beach down-current is deprived of sand and thus erodes From Dean (1999) Experimental breakwater designed to preserve sediment Hard engineering methods

14. 2. Breakwaters

15. Below is a link which you can find out more on groynes: http://www.channelcoast.org/programme_de sign/defence_type/?link=groynes.html Hard engineering methods 3. Groynes

16. Hard engineering methods 3. Groynes

17. Designed to trap sediment… but they instead progressively starve beach of sediment in the direction of longshore-littoral current From Dean (1999) http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/river sandcoasts/coasts/change_coast/ pg_18_flash.shtml Hard engineering methods

18. This photograph shows how littoral drift was interrupted by the rock groins that stick out into the water. Sand accumulates on one side and erodes on the other. What is the direction of littoral drift here? Shore erosion in this area of coastal New Jersey has caused damage to roads and private property. Hard engineering methods

21. Gabions are wire cages containing rocks which are used to form a seawall, groyne or a breakwater to protect the coast against erosion. When a wave breaks on a gabion, the sea water slips through the gaps between the large stones and the waves’ energy is dissipated Think of one disadvantage in using gabions. Hard engineering methods

22. Soft Engineering Methods Involves the use of natural processes or agents to protect or stabilise the coast. – Planting of vegetation – Beach nourishment – Encouraging growth of coral reefs

23. Soft Engineering Methods 1. Planting Vegetation Mangrove trees have long roots that traps sediments efficiently, helping to extend the coast into the sea They are hardy and able to absorb the impact of waves The government is looking at mangrove swamps as a less expensive alternative to building concrete structures to protect the coast Examples of sites: Sungel Buloh Wetland Reserve, Pasir Ris Park and offshore islands like Pulau Tekong and Pulau Ubin

24. Soft Engineering Methods 2. Beach Nourishment It is the process of adding new beach materials, usually sand to a beach that has been depleted The sand is usually similar to the original and is usually dredged from the nearby shallow sea The replenished beach serve the main purpose of protecting the coast and the tourism industry In some cases, this method is short-lived. Why?

25. Soft Engineering Methods 3. Encouraging growth of corals Like mangrove swamps, they are a coastline’s natural defence against waves. The rough surfaces of healthy corals act like natural breakwaters Offshore coral reefs have spared many coastal villages in Asia from the 2004 Asia Tsunami Due to industrialisation, less than 60% of Singapore’s coral reefs are left. The government has set up a coral nursery off Pulau Semakau. When the coral reefs have grown to a certain size, they are sent to the southern coast for propagation, an alternative to protect our coasts.

26. Coastal Management 1.Name one type of soft engineering method which involves the use of plants. 2.Name two methods which involve the use of sand. 3.Coral reefs are found off shore. What effect do they have on the waves?

27. Below are terms which you have learnt in this chapter. Group them into as many meaningful units as possible and provide a heading for every group. You may use a term more than once. The group with the most groupings wins! BaySwashTideCurrentsMangroves TomboloWave refraction SpitMangrovesFetch GroyneWavesErosionGabionWind energy CliffLongshore Drift HeadlandDepositionCoral reefs Marram grass Shore platforms BackwashHydraulic action Beach