1. Objectives: To understand why Russia experienced Civil War.
Key terms: Reds, Whites,
Civil War, Lenin, Trotsky
Key Knowledge: REDS V WHITES

2. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Lost 1 mill sq km of land
50 million people
27% farming land
Lost Ukraine, where Russia got most of it’s grain from
74% iron ore and coal deposits
Had to pay 3 bill roubles
Discuss potential impact of this once students have noted key points

3. What is a Civil War???

4. Causes of the Civil War
Opposition forces unite to form the Whites – supported by foreign countries.
Increasing attacks/attempts to overthrow the Bolsheviks
-SRs tried to seize power of Moscow Soviet
- several assassination attempts on Lenin
50, 000 Czech prisoners of war take over the Trans Siberian Railway
Anger at the Treaty (directed at Trotsky)
Starvation meant growing opposition
National minorities seize opportunity to get independence
Students to note down causes once gone through them

5. Reds Vs Whites Reds = Communist (Bolsheviks)
Whites = opponents (Tsarists and nobles, middle class constitutional democrats, Mensheviks, SR)
Aims
Stay in Power in order to build new Socialist society.
Different aims due to different interests.
Common aim to defeat the Communists
Geographical factors
Held central area of west Russian – contained large industries.
Controlled railways.
Scattered around outer perimeter of communist controlled Moscow.
Communication difficulties.
Leadership and unity
Trotsky – true leader and courageous
Special train
Lacked good leader to bring all the Whites together.
Lack of trust
Infighting within the armies

6. Lets take a further look at the Civil War
In pairs use the handouts
5 min
Note take on the paragraph ‘Foreign Intervention’

7. War Communism Tuesday 29th November 2011 Objectives:
To understand the effects of the Civil War.
To understand why the Bolsheviks won the war.
Key terms: War communism, NEP, Death of the Tsar
Key Knowledge: REDS V WHITES

8. War Communism
War Communism was a new economic policy introduced by Lenin to ensure food supplies to the army.
All large factories were taken over by the government.
Production was planned and organised by the government.
Discipline for workers was strict and strikers could be shot.
Peasants had to hand over surplus food to the government. If they didn’t they could be shot.
Food was rationed. Could only get a ration card if you were working.
Free enterprise became illegal – all production and trade was controlled by the state.
Money became worthless – wages ended up being paid in food.

9. THE RED TERROR
Following an assassination attempt on Lenin in 1918, a ‘RED TERROR’ was launched, using the Cheka.
Mass executions.
Middle and upper class targeted- automatically seen as disloyal.
750,000 people murdered by the Cheka in the 3 years of Civil War.

10. Execution of the Tsar and his Family
The Tsar and his family were in exile.
Posed a threat to Communism especially if they fell into the hands of the Whites.
On the night of 16th July 1918 the Tsar and his family along with their servants were shot in the cellar.
Bodies were buried in a nearby forest but undiscovered till 1991.

11. The New Economic Policy
Lenin realised he needed to change his policy to avoid disaster.
Peasants needed an incentive to produce more food – relax state control.
Capitalism and free markets brought back in
Bitter humiliation for communist supporters.
The NEP stated that:
The requisition of grain was ended. Peasants who grew surplus food could sell the surplus for a profit and pay 10% tax to the government on any profit made.
Factories with fewer than 20 workers were returned to private ownership to be run for profit.
Private enterprise was allowed. Anyone could set up a shop or business for profit.
Vital industries such as coal, iron, steel, railways, shipping and finance stayed in State hands. But experts were brought in on higher salaries, and extra wages were paid for efficiency.

12. Successes of the NEP
Once peasant and shopkeepers could work for profit, goods appeared for sale
New businesses and market stalls were set up – new class of people doing well, known as ‘NEP men’
Government kept control of the largest industries.
production had increased to pre-1914 levels
Helped stabilise the country and bring peace, particularly significant in the countryside where peasants disturbances became a thing of the past

13. Trotsky Wednesday 30th November 2011 Objectives:
To explain who Trotsky was and evaluate his involvement in the Russian Revolution and the Civil War.
Key terms: Civil War & Trotsky
Key Knowledge: Civil War & Trotsky

14. Source Analysis Purpose – main message Provenance (origin, nature)
Inferences – use details from the source to explain what the source is implying – use own knowledge.

15. Trotsky Facebook Page
Use the information sheets to create a facebook page for Trotsky.
Include:
His full Name
Date he was born
Family
Friends/ colleagues
Interests
Occupation
Contact information ( where he lived)
Recent activity

16. What have you learnt about Trotsky?

17. Revision Tuesday 6th December 2011 Objectives: Key terms:
Key Knowledge: REDS V WHITES