1. HW-SW Co-Simulation 王甦群 R91921007 Graduate Institute of Electrical Engineering National Taiwan University July 3, 2003

2. Outline Basic concepts of simulation. Case study. Conclusions.

3. What is Verification? Verification is the task of ensuring that a design is correct and complete. Such assurance can prevent time-consuming debugging at low abstraction levels and iterating back to high abstraction levels. Correctness means that the design implements its specification accurately. Completeness means that the design ’ s specification described appropriate output responses to all relevant input sequences. + + A B C If C=A+B ?

4. Methods of Verification Formal verification is an approach of verification that analyzes a design by prove or disprove certain properties. Simulation is an approach in which we create a model of the design that can be executed on a computer. We provide sample input values to this model, and check that the output values generated by the model match our expectation. Verification Simulation Formal Verification Formal Verification

5. Simulation V.S. Physical Implementation Compare with a physical implementation, simulation has several advantages. The two most important advantages are excellent controllability and observablility. –Controllability is the ability to control the execution of the system. –Observability is the ability to examine system value. With excellent controllability and observability, simulation allows a designer to perform debugging that would have been nearly impossible on a physical implementation. Input Output

6. Simulation V.S. Physical Implementation Simulation also has several disadvantages compared with a physical implementation: –Setting up simulation could take much time for systems with complex external environments. A designer may spend more time modeling the external environments than the system itself. –The models of the environments will likely to be somewhat incomplete, so may not model complex environment behavior correctly, especially when the behavior is undocumented. –Simulating speed can be quite slow compared to execution of a physical implementation.

7. Simulation Speed IC FPGA Emulation Throughput Model ISS Simulation Cycle-accurate Simulation RTL HDL Simulation Gate-level Simulation 1 hour 1 day 4 days 1.4 months 1.2 years 12 years > 1 lifetime 1 millennium 1 x10 x100 x1000 x10,000 x100,000 x1,000,000 x10,000,000

8. Simulation Speed Why so slow? –We are sequentializing a parallel hardware design. –We are adding several programs in between the system being simulated and real hardware. How to gain speed? –Use emulator. –Use simulation model with higher level.

9. Emulator Advantage of Emulator –The environment setup needed with simulation is not necessary. Disadvantage of Emulator –Still not as fast as real implementations, which could lead to timing problems in the real environment. –Costly.

10. How the Industry Looks at the Many Language Choices A Single Language Alone Cannot Effectively Cover All of the Design Flow !! www.cadence.com

11. Hardware-Software Co-Simulation [4] Cosimulation Environment Virtual Prototype System Functional SW model Functional SW model Instruction-true Processor Simulator Cycle-true Processor Simulator Physical prototype SWHW System Specification Functional HW model Functional HW model Synthesis Model VHDL Synthesis Model VHDL Gate Model Gate Model

12. Case Study [2] HardwareC description HardwareC description System Graph Model System Graph Model C Program C Program ASIC Graph Model ASIC Graph Model Interface Graph Model Interface Graph Model Assembly Code ASIC and interface Netlist Mixed System Implementation Assembly Code ASIC and interface Netlist Mixed System Implementation VULCAN-II POSEIDON (Simulator) POSEIDON (Simulator) System Output System Input a.System Partitioning b.Multi-thread Program Generation c.Interface Generation

13. Target System Architecture MEMORY ML Program User’s Data Interface Buffer MICRO- PROCESSOR ASIC

14. System Synthesis Example Process cg(q,x,y…){ …. } HardwareC Code Process cg(q,x,y…){ …. } HardwareC Code Controller Graph Model Controller Graph Model Hardware Graph Model line( ) circle( ) Graphics Controller Behavioral Synthesis Partitioning and Program threads generation Hardware ComponentSoftware Component Interface Circuitry

15. Event-Driven Simulation of a Mixed System Design Ariadne Mercury DLX Simulator POSEIDON System Graph Model SLIF Netlist (Gate-level Description) DLX Assembly Code Implements: a.Interface protocol between models b.Event-driven simulation of multiple models c.Multiple clocks and clock rates between models

16. Simulation Example of Producer-Consumer Pair #Models model IO io 1.0 /local/ioDir IO; model p dlx 1.0 /local/ProducerDir Producer; model C mercury 3.0 /local/ConsumerDir Consumer; #Connections queue [4] comm [3]; C.RESET=IO.RESET; C.r[0:0]=IO.r[0:0]; #communication protocol P.0xff004[0:0] = ! comm.full; C.b_rq=!comm.empty; when (P.0xff000_wr+ & !comm.full) do comm[0:3] enqueue P.0xff000[0:3]; when (C.b_ak+ & !comm.empty) do comm[0:3] dequeue C.b[0:3]; #Outputs IO.inChannel[0:3]=P.0xff000[0:3]; IO.outPort[0:3]=C.c[0:3] IO.InRq=P.0xff000_wr; IO.OutAk=C.b_ak; Consumer Producer OutAk InRq comm OutPort SW HW

17. Example of Graphics Controller Line Circle Schedule Coordinate FIFO Control PROCESSOR ASIC Hardware Line data queue Circle data queue Control FIFO int lastPC[MAXCRS]=(scheduler,circle,line,main); int current=MAIN; int *controlFIFO=(int*)0xaa0000; int *controlFIFO_rq=(int*)0xaa0004; main(){resume(SCHEDULER)}; int nextCoroutine; scheduler(){resume(LINE); resume(CIRCLE); while(!RESET){do{nextCoroutine=*controlFIFO} while((nextCoroutine&0x4))!0x4); resume(nextCoroutine&0x3); } Software Component: main program

18. Example of Graphics Controller model qc io 1.0 DIR GraphicsController; model ccoord mercury 5.0 DIR gcircle; model lcoord mercury 5.0 DIR gline; model mp dlx 1.0 DIR main; model CF mercury 1.0 DIR control; queue [1] lqueue [16], cqueue [16]; queue [3] controlFifo [2]; CF.r[0:0]=lcoord.run[0:0]=ccoord.run[0:0]=gc.run[0:0]; CF.RESET=lcoord.RESET=ccoord.RESET=gc.RESET; CF.lqr[0:0]=!lqeue.empty; CF.lak[0:0]=mp.0xee004_rd; CF.crq[0:0]=!cqueue.empty; mp.0xee004[0:0]=!cqueue.empty; mp.0xee004[0:0]=!lqueue.empty; continued~ Specification of the graphics controller

19. Example of Graphics Controller ~continued #Lqueue when (lcoord.run_rq+ & !lqueue.full) do lqueue[15:0] enqueue lcoord.queue[15:0]; lcoord.queue_ak=!lqueue.full; when (mp.0xff000_rd+ & !lqueue.empty) do lqueue [15:0] dequeue mp.queue[15:0]; mp.queue_ak=!lqueue.empty; ….. #ControlFifo when (CF.outline_rq+ & !conrtolFifo.full) do controlFifo[1:0] enqueue outline[1:0]; CF.outline_ak=!controlFifo.full; ….. #Output specification gc.x_out[7:0]=mp.0xff100[7:0]; gc.y_out[7:0]=mp.0xff104[7:0]; gc.controlFifo[1:0] =controlFifo[1:0]; gc.CF_ready=!controlFifo.empty;

20. Example of Graphics Controller Output Specification Output Specification POSEIDON

21. Conclusions Due to the heterogeneity of these components and the drastically increased number of gates per chip, verification of the complete system and simulation speed has become the critical bottleneck in the design process. To increase the productivity and shorten time to market it is important to be able to verify a heterogeneous SOC design at an early stage of the development process to prevent expensive re- design.

22. Reference [1] F. Vahid, and T. Givargis, Embedded System Design: A Unified Hardware/Sofware Introduction, 2002, John Wiley & Sons Inc. [2] Rajesh k. Gupta, Claudionor Nunes Coelho, Jr. and Giovanni De Micheli,”Synthesis and Simulation of Digital Systems Containing Interfacting Hardware and Software Components” IEEE Design Automation Conference, 1992. [3] David Becker, Raj K. Singh, Stephen G. “An Engineering Environment for Hardware/Software Co-Simulation” IEEE Design Automation Conference, 1992. [4] Andreas Hoffmann, Tim Kogel and Heinrich Meyr “A Framework for Fast Hardware-Software Co-simulation” IEEE Design, Automation and Test in Europe, 2001 Conference and Exhibition 2001.