2. Patterns of Long-Distance Trade Silk roads Sea lanes of Indian Ocean basin Trans-Saharan caravan routes Development of trading cities, emporia Nomadic invasions cause local devastation but expand trade network – E.g. Mongols in China, 13 th c.

3. Marco Polo (1253-1324) Example of long-distance travel Traveled to China with merchant father, uncle Enters service of Mongol Khubilai Khan Returns to Venice after 17-year absence Experiences recorded by fellow prisoner in Venice-Genoa conflict Great influence on European engagement with far east

4. Travel and trade from the twelfth to the fourteenth century

5. Political and Diplomatic Travel Trade requires diplomatic relations after 1000 CE Mongols, Christians recognize Muslims as common enemy, 13 th century Pope Innocent IV invites Mongols to convert to Christianity – Mongols counter-offer: Christians accept Mongol rule or face destruction

6. Diplomatic Travelers Rabban Sauma – Nestorian Christian Priest sent to Pope by Mongols in Persia, 1287, regarding proposed attack on Jerusalem – Did not win European support – 1295 new leader of Persia accepts Islam Ibn Battuta (1304-1369) – Islamic scholar, worked in governments on extensive travel – Strict punishment meted out according to sharia Lashes for drinking alcohol, hand amputations for theft Unable to convince women of Maldive islands to cover breasts

7. Missionary Travelers Sufi missionaries travel throughout new Muslim territories, 1000-1500 CE Christian missionaries accompany, follow Crusaders – Roman Catholic priests travel east to serve expatriate communities – John of Montecorvino travels to China in 1291 Translates Biblical texts, builds Churches

8. Cultural Exchanges Songs and Stories – troubadours European scientists consulted with Muslim and Jewish counterparts on understanding of natural world The magnetic compass from China

9. Spread of Crops Citrus fruits, Asian rice, cotton Sugarcane – Muslims introduce crystallized sugar to Europeans – Demand increases rapidly – Europeans use Muslim precedent of having large populations of slaves work on sugarcane plantations

10. Gunpowder Technologies Muslims, Mongols spread gunpowder Technology reaches Europe by 1258 A Mongol bomb thrown against a charging Japanese samurai during the Mongol invasions of Japan after founding the Yuan Dynasty, 1281.

11. Bubonic Plague The Little Ice Age, c. 1300 CE – Decline of agricultural output leads to widespread famine, specifically in 1315-1317 resulting in the death of millions – Warm summers stopped being dependable in N. Europe – Bubonic Plague spreads from south-west China Carried by fleas on rodents Mongol campaigns spread disease to Chinese Interior

12. The Black Death Yersinia pestis (Bubonic Plague) seen at 2000x magnification. Illustration of the Black Death from the Toggenburg Bible (1411). From the Dance of Death by Hans Holbein the Younger (1491).

13. Results of the Black Plague Trade declines Shortage of workers Decline of people lowered the prices of food Rent replaces labor as payment to landlords Feudalism officially ends The Church cannot explain the plague which leads many to question the authority of the Church Anti-Semitism once again rises

14. The alleged ritual murder of a boy by the Jews, 1475, wood engraving

15. Spread of Plague Mongols, merchants, travelers spread disease west 1346 Black Sea ports 1347 Mediterranean ports 1348 Western Europe

17. Symptoms of the Black Plague Inflamed and discolored lymph nodes in neck, armpits, groin area – Buboes, hence Bubonic 60-70% mortality rate, within days of onset of symptoms Extreme northern climates less affected – Winter hard on flea population India, sub-Saharan areas unaffected – Reasons unknown Buboes

18. Population Decline (millions)

19. Social and Economic Effects Massive labor shortage Demand for higher wages Population movements Governments attempt to freeze wages, stop serf movements – Riots result

20. Recovery in China: The Ming Dynasty Yuan dynasty collapses 1368, Mongols depart Impoverished orphan raised by Buddhist monks, works through military ranks, becomes Emperor Hongwu Proclaims new Ming (“Brilliant”) dynasty, 1368- 1644

22. Ming Centralization Reestablishment of Confucian educational system Execution of minister suspected of treason, begins tradition of direct rule by Emperor Reliance on emissaries called Mandarins Heavy reliance on eunuchs – Sterile, could not build hereditary power base Centralized structure lasts through Qing dynasty to 1911

23. Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644  Golden Age of Chinese Art – Moderation – Softness – Gracefulness  Landscape paintings, porcelain jars, silks, poetry, fiction, drama, music & dance flourished.  Hundreds of thousands of workers constructed the Forbidden City.

24. The Forbidden City: China’s New Capital

25. Ming Porcelain / Ceramics, 17 c.

26. Ming Vases, 17 c.

27. Ming Painting and Calligraphy, early 16c

28. Ming Painting – “Birds and Flowers”, 16c

29. Ming Cultural Revolution  Printing & Literacy  Cheap, popular books:  woodblock printing.  cheap paper.  Examination system.  Leads to explosion in literacy.  Leads to further popularization of the commercial market.  Culture & Art  Increased literacy leads to increased interest in cultural expressions, ideas, and things:  Literature.  Painting.  Ceramics.  Opera.

30. Ming Silver Market  Triangle route:  Philippines to China to Japan.  Silver floods Chinese Market:  Reduces price of Chinese goods in Europe  Increases interest in Chinese culture & ideas in Europe.  Helps fund conquest of New World  Encourages Europeans in conquest & trade.

31. Economic Recovery Conscripted labor to repair, rebuild irrigation systems Promoted manufacturing of porcelain, silk Cultural revival – Attempt to eradicate Mongol legacy by promoting traditional Chinese culture – Emperor Yongle commissions 23,000-roll Encyclopedia, one of the earliest in the world and compiled from 7,000 books

32. Recovery in Western Europe: State Building China: centralized Empire Europe: regional states Europe develops new taxes – Italian states: bonds – France: salt tax, sales tax – England: hearth tax, head tax, plow tax Establish large standing armies – French Louis XI (1461-1483) had army of 15,000

33. Spain Fernando of Aragon marries Isabel of Castile, 1469 Major political and economic alliance Completes reconquista, expanded beyond Iberian peninsula to Italy Funded Columbus’ quest for China Wedding portrait of King Ferdinand II of Aragón and Queen Isabella of Castile.

34. The Renaissance, 14 th -16 th c. “rebirth” of classical culture Italian artists use perspective Work with real human anatomy and musculature – Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Architecture: domed cathedrals – Imitation of Roman domes

35. The Humanists Humanities: literature, history, moral philosophy Renaissance humanists deeply devoted to Christianity – Desiderius Erasmus (1466- 1536) publishes critical Greek-Latin edition of New Testament Also devoted to rediscovering classical Latin texts, often ignored in monastic libraries

36. Humanist Moral Thought Rejection of monastic lifestyle in favor of morally virtuous life while engaged in the world – Marriage, business Reconciliation of Christianity with rapidly changing European society and economy

37. Renaissance Europe and the Larger World Artists express interest in Byzantine, Asian worlds Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494) tries to reconcile Plato, Aristotle, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Zoroastrianism – Illustrative failure – Oration on the Dignity of Man which has been called the "Manifesto of the Renaissance“ – Believed in universal reconciliation

38. Exploration and Colonization Ming dynasty hesitant to have large foreign populations – Mongol experience – Allowed small populations in port cities Yongle engaged Admiral Zheng He to mount seven massive naval expeditions, 1405-1433 Placed trade under imperial control Demonstrated strength of Ming dynasty Successful, but aborted as Mongols presented new threat in the north

39. Admiral Zheng He  Ming “Treasure Fleet”  Each ship 400’ long & 160’ wide 1371-1435

40. Admiral Zheng He  China’s “Columbus?”

41.  1498 --> Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port.

42. Admiral Zheng He Brought exotic animals back to the imperial zoo. Brought little wealth, but was costly to maintain his fleets. After his death, the rise in Confucian values stressed Chinese cultural supremacy, which limited further contact with foreign influences.

43. Chinese and European voyages of exploration, 1405 – 1498

44. European Exploration in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans Motives: profit, missionary activity Portuguese early leaders in Atlantic exploration Search for sea route to Indian Ocean basin Prince Henrique (Henry the Navigator) seizes Strait of Gibraltar, 1415 Begins encouragement of major Atlantic voyages

45. Colonization of the Atlantic Islands Madeiras, Azores Islands, etc. Investments in sugarcane plantations Exploration of West African coast Dramatically increases volume of slave trade Ultimately, some 12 million Africans deported to Americas for slave labor

46. Indian Ocean Trade Attempt to avoid using Muslim middlemen in trade with east 1488 Bartolomeu Dias sails around Cape of Good Hope – 1497-1499 Vasco de Gama sails this route to India and back Portuguese gun ships attempt to maintain trade monopoly Beginnings of European imperialism in Asia

47. Path of Vasco da Gama 1497 - 1499

48. Christopher Columbus Search for western sea route to Indian Ocean Portuguese consider his proposal impractical, reject it Fernando and Isabel of Spain underwrite voyage, departs in 1492 Makes landfall in San Salvador – Believed he had reached islands off coast of Asia

49. Christopher Columbus [1451-1506]