2. Mountains  impeded communication and allowed the creation of independent city-states  Did not prohibit creation of a single Greek culture The Sea  Natural harbors and limited arable land encouraged the Greeks to turn to the sea  Allowed the Greek city-states to develop trade networks and establish colonies

4. Minoan civilization flourished on the Island of Crete (2000-1500 BCE ) Bureaucratic monarchy Trading Society- King was chief “entrepreneur” Major palace at Knossos Contact with developing Mycenaean culture on Greek mainland Fall of Minoan civilization due to Mycenaeans and natural disaster Palace at Knossos

5. Minoan Trade- Major trade with Egypt, Mesopotamia, mainland Greece, and Mediterranean colonies

6. Linear A The yet to be deciphered written language of the Minoans

8. Heinrich Schliemann Excavations of Troy and Mycenae Growth of archaeology

9. Indo-European people - invaded the Greek peninsula Began to form city- states by 1600 BCE The Mycenaeans (after the leading city, Mycenae) dominated the Aegean Sea from 1500-1200 BCE Cities were built on hills for protection.

10. The Mycenaeans waged war against Troy for dominance in the Aegean The Mycenaeans - conquered by the Dorians Iron weapons versus bronze weapons

12. Linear B The written language of the Mycenaeans

13. Linear A Linear B

14. Period between the fall of the Mycenaeans and the rise of the city-states (1150 - 800 BCE ) No written records Simplified political patterns - village communities led by kings (tribal leaders) Little to no trade (no word for merchant)

16. 800-600 BCE – growth of independent city-states Despite independence, a single Greek culture was established. Greek culture characterized by  single written language based on the Phoenician alphabet  Shared polytheistic religion  Regular celebrations including the Olympics.

17. Greek alphabet evolved from Phoenician alphabet Phoenician alphabet lacked vowels (likewise Hebrew and Arabic) so the Greeks invented them. Reading and writing became so simple that literacy became widespread.

18. Colonization  The emergence of the city-states was sparked by revival in trade and increasing literacy  Colonization movement began due to population pressures  Colonization centered on Italy and Sicily

19.  Warfare  Warfare changed from horses and chariots (nobles) to infantry and the phalanx (commoners).  This shift from noble warriors to farmer warriors caused political shifts  Phalanx - tight battle formation of hoplites.  Hoplite – armored Greek citizen soldier

20. Polis (city-state) –concept that most influenced the lives of Greeks Greeks believed they had certain rights and obligations as citizens. Government varied from city-state to city-state All citizens were expected to serve in the government.

21. Acropolis - each city- state built a temple to its patron god on the highest hill (acropolis) Agora - open area used as a meeting place and for markets Ostracism - the forced exile of a citizen for ten years. 6,000 vote minimum needed The Agora in Athens today

22. Oracle at Delphi – temple for Apollo where a priestess (oracle) foretold the future Became a place for pilgrimage

23. Greek architecture  Indirectly influenced by Egypt  Greek columns  Doric - used mostly on mainland Greece  Ionic - used mostly in Greek colonies  Corinthian - used most by the Romans Doric Ionic Corinthian

24. Greek sculpture idealized the human figure

26. Large territory (1,060sqm) Large mineral deposits and good harbors Diverse commercial state Strong in the arts: literature and sculpture Strong in philosophy: Socrates and Plato Established numerous colonies Use of slavery The Acropolis in Athens

27. Women in Athens  Women secluded in the home  Producing children the primary role – interval of one child every two years  Life expectancy 36 years  Girls married at 14 to older husbands  Marriages arranged – dowry  Household duties menial  Women seen as inferior – not worthy of a relationship

28. Government included oligarchy, tyranny, and democracy Move towards commercial estates impoverished small farmers creating social unrest Solon instituted reforms giving poor greater voice in government Solon

29. Social conflict led to rule of Pisistratus (tyrant) Renewed conflict led to rule by Clisthenes who instituted democratic reforms (assembly, vote ) Democracy- mob rule? Socrates thought so! Why? Socrates

30. Imperialist phase - Athens dominated Greece through Delian League (trade alliance) During its peak of power, Athens was led by Pericles, an aristocrat. Pericles increased democratic institutions Pericles

32. Descended from Dorian invaders Militaristic state built on the slavery (serfdom) of the Helots Male children raised by the state Mandatory military service at age 7 Married men - age 30 could live at home but eat at mess Females raised by wives Spartan women had more freedom than women in other city-states Disdained the arts; masters of the art of war Spartan Hoplite

33. Government  Two Kings (to act as military leaders)  Council of Elders (28 + 2 kings). Proposed motions to be voted on by assembly.  Citizen Assembly (about 8,000)  Panel of Magistrates (5). Replaced annually by assembly vote. Performed day-to-day business.  System emphasized equality among the citizens (8,000 out of about 400,000)

35. The Persian Empire

36. Greek colonies absorbed by Persian Empire when Anatolia conquered by Cyrus (546 BCE ) Ionian Revolt – Greek colonies revolt with aid from city-states Athens and Eretria Persians under Darius destroy Eretria and march on Athens The Persian army on the move

37. Persians defeated at Battle of Marathon Darius’ son, Xerxes, invades Greece Greek city-states unite under Spartans to resist Persians Battle of Thermopylae Battle of Thermopylae – The Three Hundred Spartans

38. Athens sacked by Persians Persian navy destroyed at battle of Salamis Persian army routed at battle of Plataea Athens led naval alliance (Delian League) against Persia and liberated Greek colonies Emperor Xerxes watches his defeat at the Battle of Salamis

40. 431-404 BCE Causes: quarrels over colonies and fear of Athenian economic dominance System of alliances: Athens especially needed allies along waterways due to dependence on food and timber imports. Pericles: strategy to remain behind walls and supply Athens through its navy Spartans laid waste to area around Athens but could not penetrate its walls.

41. Outbreak of plague within Athens’ city walls around 430 BCE - caused death of one quarter of the population Pericles himself succumbed to plague in 429 BCE Allies deserted Athens. Defeat of Athenian navy forced Athens to surrender A Greek Trireme

42. Athens Note city walls, walls protecting road to port, walls protecting port

43. End result of the Peloponnesian War – Spartan victory but all Greek city-states greatly weakened. Greece could not withstand invasion by Macedonians under Philip II. Greece became part of the Macedonian Empire

45. With murder of Philip II, Alexander became emperor Alexander loved Greek culture- tutored by Aristotle Embarked on conquest of Persian Empire Conquered Persia, Egypt, and attacked India Attempted blending of Greek and Persian cultures through forced intermarriages

46. Took on the trappings of a Persian emperor – alienated many in his army Established Greek cities throughout empire Died in Babylon in 323 BCE at age 33 Successors carved up empire Hellenistic Age established Alexander the Great

49. Who would be Alexander’s successor? “Hoti to kratisto” Greek for “to the strongest” Alexander’s generals divide up the empire Generals established despotic dynasties and ruled as semi-divine Greek city-states established throughout the Middle East Hellenistic – from the Greek Hellenes meaning “Greek” - the blending of Greek and Middle eastern culture

50. Cassander Lysimachus Seleucus Ptolemy Chandragupta Original division of Alexander’s Empire by his generals (yellow)

51. Hellenistic Philosophies Cynicism  “Cynic” Greek for dog – man should live as naturally as beasts  Leader- Diogenes  Goal was self-sufficiency

52. Hellenistic Philosophies Epicureanism  Founded by Epicurus  Goal was the pursuit of pleasure  Pleasure defined as freedom from worry and emotional turmoil  Against participation in government

53. Hellenistic Philosophies Stoicism  Founded by Zeno  Most popular philosophy  Happiness found by living in harmony with God  Followers could bear whatever life threw at him  Public service and citizenship seen as noble

54. The Hellenistic period - an age of science A fusion of the natural curiosity and logic of the Greeks with Mesopotamian and Egyptian science along with patronage of Hellenistic rulers. Major advances in astronomy, mathematics, geography, medicine, and physics

55. Aristarchus – established the heliocentric theory in which the planets revolve around the sun Ptolemy of Alexandria – established the geocentric theory in which the planets revolve around the earth Ptolemy’s theory became the prevailing theory during the Middle Ages

56. Euclid - work on geometry formed the basis of that branch of mathematics until the 1800’s. Eratosthenes - calculated the circumference of the earth with an error of less than 200 miles using sundials. Also first suggested that one could reach Asia in the east by sailing west

57. Herophilus  Conducted human dissection  Rejected Hippocrates’ contention that the body consisted of four humors and also the practice of bloodletting  These false theories were revived by the Roman Galen in the second century CE

58. Archimedes of Syracuse  Discovered the law of specific gravity  Invented the Archimedes screw  Formulated the principles of the lever, pulley, and the screw  Invented the compound pulley and screw propeller

59. The Inventions of Archimedes

60. Archimedes used his ingenuity to design inventions such as the “claw” to fight off the invading Romans at Syracuse. Although Rome was held off for a time, Syracuse eventually fell. Archimedes was killed by a Roman soldier.

61. The Archimedes Screw

62. The Hellenistic period was a transition period between the decline of Greece and the emergence of Rome as a world power Greek works were preserved and expanded upon later by the Romans The Hellenistic Age was an age of the Greek cosmopolitan (universal citizen) Travelers could go from Italy to the border of India and all would speak Greek