1. CONQUEST OF THE WEST Chapter 16

2. Societies of the Far West

3. Native Americans

4. Eastern Tribes *Some Eastern tribes had relocated west of Mississippi River: Cherokee and Creek

5. Western Tribes Indians of the Pacific Coast: Chumash, Chinook Indians of the Southwest: Navajo, Comanche, Apache

6. Plains Indian * various tribes divided into bands *some sedentary, most nomadic hunters *movement often based on migration of buffalo *finest light cavalry in the world

7. Weakness * Never able to unite against white aggression. Groups too independent *Conflicts between tribes distract from fighting whites one group may help whites against another group

8. Hispanic Communities *located in former possessions of Spain/Mexico: New Mexico, Texas, California *As more whites come Hispanics lose land and power

9. Chinese Migration *Begins after 1848 *by 1880 200,000 move to US – mostly California

10. Some resent Chinese Immigrants *resent success of Chinese *seen as rivals in economy

11. Transcontinental Railroad *over 12,000 work on RR *90% of Central Pacific labor *worked long hours for low pay

12. After Railroad finished: *some hire as laborers *some work the land *many go to cities

13. By 1900 50% of Chinese population lives in cities of California “Chinatowns”

14. Nativism Returns *Chinese undercutting whites in wages and hours *Local laws appear *Physical Attacks

15. Chinese Exclusion Act *1882 *Bans immigration for 10 years *Bars Chinese in country from becoming naturalized citizens

16. Act renewed in 1892 Made permanent in 1902

17. Changing Western Economy

18. Labor in the West *Occasional labor shortage *work force stratified along racial lines

19. Mining *1 st economic boom of West * Gold and/or silver strikes: Colorado 59 Nevada 59 Black Hills 74

20. Ranching

21. How to get cattle in Texas to markets in the East? Cattle Drive

22. From 1867 to 1871 1.5 million head of cattle are brought to Abilene along the Chisholm Trail

23. Frederic Remington Myth of the Cowboy

25. Farming

26. Joseph Glidden - 1874

27. Closing the West

28. Frederick Jackson Turner The Frontier Thesis

29. The End of the American Indians End of the American Indian

30. Concentration Policy *Desire of whites to get Indian land *Each tribe assigned a reservation *Divided tribes-easy to control

31. Administration of Indian Reservations *officials often corrupt or ineffective

32. Indian Wars

33. Sand Creek Massacre *Arapaho & Cheyenne under Black Kettle *Flag of truce *133 killed most women & children

35. George Armstrong Custer

37. Battle of the Little Big Horn Custer’s Last Stand June 25, 1876

39. Nez Perce *Chief Joseph *200 warriors+350 w&c *attempt to go to Canada *cover 1321 miles

41. Final resistance in Southwest *Geronimo fights from Mexico *Surrenders in 1886 with 30 others *Pursued by 10,000

42. Chief Joseph

43. *Ghost Dancers-vision of Whites leaving *Wounded Knee-Sioux *40 soldiers 200 Sioux killed *1890 last ‘battle’

44. Dawes Act 1887 *Gradual elimination of tribal ownership of land *Give land to individuals *Don’t have full ownership for 25 years *Those who take land get citizenship *Send kids to school

45. Carlisle Indian Industrial School

46. Class of 09

47. Richard Henry Pratt Kill the Indian, save the man

48. Jim Thorpe

49. Commercial Farming *specialize in crops to be sold on National or World markets *cotton –70% exported *Wheat 30-40%

50. Farmer’s Grievances *Inequitable Freight rates *High interest rates *Inadequate Currency *Price fixing