2. Regents Biology 2008-2009 Transport: Circulatory System

3. Regents Biology DO NOW: How does the digestive system and the circulatory system work together? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7xKYNz9AS0

4. Regents Biology In circulation…  What needs to be transported  nutrients & fuels  from digestive system  respiratory gases  O 2 & CO 2 from & to gas exchange systems: lungs, gills  intracellular waste  waste products from cells  water, salts, nitrogenous wastes (urea)  protective agents  immune defenses  white blood cells & antibodies  blood clotting agents  regulatory molecules  hormones

5. Regents Biology Transport  Requires the absorption and circulation of needed materials throughout an organism  Simple organisms do not need a “circulatory system”  Unicellular organisms: distribute materials via cyclosis  Cyclosis: movement and streaming of cytoplasm https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=5qV6I4I-org

6. Regents Biology Circulatory systems  All animals have:  circulatory fluid = “blood”  tubes = blood vessels  muscular pump = heart openclosed hemolymphblood

7. Regents Biology Circulatory System: 3 Parts  Heart  Organ that pumps blood through circulatory system  Blood Vessels  Network of tubes in which fluid flows  Arteries  Veins  Capillaries  Blood  Fluid in which materials are transported  blood cells  plasma (liquid)

8. Regents Biology Open circulatory system  Taxonomy  invertebrates  insects, arthropods, mollusks  Structure  no separation between blood & interstitial fluid  hemolymph

9. Regents Biology Circulation in Simple, Multicellular Organisms  Poriferans and Cnidarians do not have circulatory systems  Mollusks and Arthropods have an open circulation  Blood flows through the circulatory system between cells  Blood is pumped by a heart into the body cavity where tissues are surrounded by the blood  Blood is not contained in only vessels (vascular tissue)

10. Regents Biology Closed circulatory system  Taxonomy  invertebrates  earthworms, squid, octopuses  vertebrates  Structure  blood confined to vessels & separate from interstitial fluid  1 or more hearts  large vessels to smaller vessels  material diffuses between blood vessels & interstitial fluid closed system = higher pressures

11. Regents Biology Transport Activity

12. Regents Biology 2008-2009 Circulatory System Blood Vessels Humans have a _________ circulatory system Similar to an ___________, but more complex

13. Regents Biology Human circulation Humans have 3 circulations:  Systemic Circulation: sends blood to all of the body’s systems  Pulmonary Circulation: sends blood full of CO 2 to the lungs to do gas exchange for O 2  Coronary Circulation: supplies the heart muscle with blood What do blue vs. red areas represent?

14. Regents Biology Blood vessels arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins artery arteriolesvenules veins

15. Regents Biology Arteries: Built for high pressure pump  Arteries  thicker walls made of smooth muscle  provide strength for high pressure pumping of blood  elasticity  elastic recoil helps maintain blood pressure even when heart relaxes  Smaller arteries in organs and tissues are arterioles

16. Regents Biology Pulse  Heart beats per minute  Pulsation of the blood as it is pumped through your artery  Arteries expand when heart contracts and shrink when relaxes  Normal pulse rate 60-100 bpm Lower for physically fit individuals

17. Regents Biology Major arteries pulmonary artery pulmonary artery = to lungs aorta carotid = to head = to brain & left arm to right arm coronary arteries = to body

18. Regents Biology Capillaries: Built for exchange  Capillaries  very thin walls  Single layer of cells  enhances exchange across capillary  diffusion  exchange between blood & cells  exchange of dissolved nutrients, waste, and O 2 between blood and body cells body cell O2O2 food waste CO 2

19. Regents Biology Veins: Built for low pressure flow  Veins  thinner-walled, not elastic  wider diameter  blood travels back to heart at low velocity & pressure  lower pressure  distant from heart  blood must flow by skeletal muscle contractions when we move squeeze blood through veins  valves  in larger veins one-way valves allow blood to flow only toward heart Open valve Blood flows toward heart Closed valve

20. Regents Biology Major Veins pulmonary vein = from lung superior vena cava = from upper body pulmonary vein = from lung inferior vena cava = from lower body

21. Regents Biology Blood Flow: Summary  Arteries bring oxygenated blood to the capillaries  Capillaries give oxygen to cells, deoxygenating the blood  Deoxygenated blood goes through veins, back to the heart

22. Regents Biology Vertebrate Heart right atrium left atrium right ventricle left ventricle septum  Pericardium: fluid filled sac around the heart  Myocardium: heart muscle, enables contraction  4 chambers: double pump Two Atria: left and right, receiving chambers, thin-walled, pump to ventricles Two Ventricles: left and right, pumping chambers, thick-walled

23. Regents Biology AV SL AV Other heart parts…  Septum: Keeps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separated  Valves: Prevent backflow between atria and ventricles  Atrioventricular (AV) valve  between atrium & ventricle  keeps blood from flowing back into atria when ventricles contract  “lub”  Semilunar valves  between ventricle & arteries  prevent backflow from arteries into ventricles while they are relaxing  “dub” tricuspid bicuspid pulmonary valve aortic valve

24. Regents Biology AV SL AV Lub-dub, lub-dub  4 valves in the heart  flaps of tissue  prevent backflow of blood  Heart sounds  closing of valves  “Lub”  Closing of Atrioventricular valves (AV)  “Dub”  Closing of Semilunar valves (SV)  Heart murmur  leaking valve causes hissing sound  blood squirts backward through valve tricuspid bicuspid pulmonary valve aortic valve

25. Regents Biology

26. How does blood move through the heart?  ________brings deoxygenated blood from the body cells to the__________.  The ______ blood is pumped from the _____ atrium to the ______ _________.  ________ takes this blood away from the heart, to the _______, so it can do gas exchange  _____takes the newly oxygenated blood to the ______, and then the______ ________.  The oxygenated blood in the _______ ______is then pumped through ________to the body and its cells.

27. Regents Biology Left ventricle Aorta Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules VeinsVena cava Right atrium Right ventricle Pulmonary artery Lungs Pulmonary veinsLeft atrium Left ventricle Putting it all together…

28. Regents Biology Cardiac cycle systolic ________ diastolic pump (peak pressure) _________________ relax (minimum pressure)  1 complete sequence of pumping  heart contracts & pumps  heart relaxes & chambers fill  contraction phase  systole  ventricles pumps blood out  relaxation phase  diastole  atria refill with blood 110 ____ 70

29. Regents Biology Measurement of blood pressure  High Blood Pressure (hypertension)  The heart is working harder to pump the same volume of blood, can lead to heart attack or stroke  if top number (systolic pumping) > 150  if bottom number (diastolic filling) > 90

30. Regents Biology Electrical signals  heart is made of cardiac muscle  Pericardium: membrane around the heart  heart pumping controlled by electrical impulses  begins at SA Node (sinoatrial node) right atrium  Test that records heart activity= EKG http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zdoSreUAthA

31. Regents Biology Blood Serves as a transport medium helping to maintain homeostasis for all cells of the body by: 1. Transporting nutrients 2. Regulating body temperature 3. Protection in the form of white blood cells

32. Regents Biology Blood & blood cells  Blood is a tissue of fluid & cells  Plasma (55%)  liquid part of blood, mostly water (90%)  dissolved salts, sugars, proteins, and wastes, hormones, antibodies, enzymes…  cells  red blood cells (RBC)  transport O 2 in hemoglobin  white blood cells (WBC)  defense & immunity  platelets  blood clotting

33. Regents Biology Erythrocytes: Red blood cells  Carry O 2 and CO 2  Biconcave disc: no nuclei  Contains hemoglobin/Iron  Protein that carries oxygen in the blood O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2  Lives 90-120 days, then are recycled in the liver and spleen  Amount: 5 million/mm 3

34. Regents Biology Anemia  Not enough RBC made  Less hemoglobin = less oxygen

35. Regents Biology Leukocytes: White Blood Cells  Protect body against infection  Larger than RBC  Produced by bone marrow  They increase in number during an infection  1% of total blood volume

36. Regents Biology Leukocytes  White Blood Cell Types  Phagocytes: engulf and destroy bacteria  Lymphocytes: associated with immune response, B-lymphocytes produce antibodies

37. Regents Biology Blood Cell production ribs, vertebrae, breastbone & pelvis  Stem cells  In bone marrow  develop into all the different types of blood cells  red blood cells  white blood cells white blood cells red blood cells white blood cells

38. Regents Biology Leukemia  Cancer of the blood cells  Too many abnormal WBC produced

39. Regents Biology Thrombocytes: Platelets Small cell fragments Trigger blood clotting process (involves enzymes) Clotting: solidification of blood at the site of an injured blood vessel Hemophilia: Blood does not clot normally and the person may suffer from excessive bleeding

40. Regents Biology Blood clotting protein fibers build the clot emergency repair of circulatory system platelets seal the hole chemical emergency signals

41. Regents Biology Blood groups  All humans belong to one of four blood groups  Genes that determine blood types are inherited your mother and father  Your blood type is determined by the presence of blood antigens found on the surface of RBCs.  Antigens are surface proteins that are important for cellular recognition

42. Regents Biology ABO blood groups  The body recognizes its own RBC antigens as “self” and does not attack them  The immune system will attack transfused blood if it has different antigens that are “non-self” and deadly blood clots can form

43. Type A Blood Has Antibody Anti-B Can receive A and O Can give to A and AB Type B Blood Has Antibody Anti-A Can receive B and O Can give to B and AB Type AB Blood Has no antibodies Anti-A and Anti-B Can receive all! Can give to AB Type O Blood Has no antigen A nor antigen B Has both antibodies Can receive O Can give to all ! Antigen AAntigen B Antigen A Antigen B

44. Regents Biology Circulatory System & Homeostasis  Temperature  Too hot = vasodilatation  Blood rushes to capillaries in skin and heat dissipates  Too cold = vasoconstriction  Prevents warm blood from reaching the surface  Exercise  heart beat faster  need more ATP  bring in more O 2 & nutrients; remove more CO 2 normal constriction dilation

45. Regents Biology Cardiovascular Disease (Heart Disease)  Atherosclerosis  deposits inside arteries (plaque) normal artery hardening of arteries

46. Regents Biology Heart Attack Blockage in the arteries prevents blood flow Dead cardiac tissue due to lack of oxygen http://watchlearnlive.heart.org/CVML_Player.ph p?moduleSelect=hrtatk

47. Regents Biology Stroke Stroke occurs when an artery to the brain is narrowed or blocked by a blood clot or the artery ruptures Associated with loss of movement on the opposite side of the body to the brain hemisphere where the stroke occurred – Left side paralysis may arise from a stroke in the right brain hemisphere

48. Regents Biology Cardiovascular health bypass surgery

49. Regents Biology  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PgI80Ue- AMo&feature=player_embedded http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PgI80Ue- AMo&feature=player_embedded

50. Regents Biology How do Plants Transport Materials?  Plants have vascular tissue  Xylem: transports water from roots to shoots and leaves  Phloem: transports nutrients from the leaves to the roots

51. Regents Biology Water Transport  Water enters the plant roots via root pressure and capillary action  Water ascends the xylem due to transpirational pull and cohesion-tension  Water vapor escapes from the leaf stomata through transpiration

52. Regents Biology Stomata  Stomates are openings in the surfaces of leaves  The size of the stomate is controlled by guard cells