1. Chapter 19: 19.1: The Incorporation of America “The meatpacking houses were a model of monopoly capitalism with huge, specialized factories that polluted the Chicago River and air.”

2. A. The Rise of Industry 1. Four main factors which contributed to the success of industrialization a. Natural resources b. A large population to support market for new products; workforce c. Explosion of inventions d. Free Enterprise

3. A. The Rise of Industry 2. Revolution in technology and transportation a. Alexander Bell b. Thomas Edison – Menlo Park; replaces steam c. Henry Ford d. Wright Brothers e. RR 3. By 1900: 1 st in manufactured goods; 1/3 of all goods in the world

5. B. Mechanization = 2 nd Industrial Revolution 1. Meachanization = increased productivity 2. assembly lines and mass production = effieciency 3. Hierarchy of workers

6. C. Expanding Markets: Selling the Product 1.Ayer and Son (1869) a.Advertising agency b.Pictures included not just print 2.Growth of department stores – Marshall Fields 3.Chain stores – i.e Woolworths 4.Sears and Montgomery Wards catalog = growth of postal services

8. D. “Winning” Strategies for Monopolies 1. Vertical integration a. Buy out all of your suppliers b. Control quality and costs 2. Horizontal consolidation a. Merging of companies with similar products “Man of Steel” A. Carnegie “Slick Rick” J.D. Rockefeller Standard Oil

9. 3. Sherman-Antitrust Act a. An act to protect trade and commerce against unlawful restraints and monopolies. b. Supposed to check monopolies and stop big businesses from forming; didn’t work. c. Used against union instead

10. E. The Gospel of Wealth 1. Personal wealth is God’s reward for hard work 2. Carnegie’s Philosophy: use it philanthropically - make as much money as you can so that you can give it away

11. F. Robber Barons or Captains of Industry? Business men who participated in questionable business practices gaining huge personal wealth Carnegie Rockefeller JP Morgan Jay Gould Steel Standard Oil Banking RR

12. G. Business and Social Darwinism “Survival of the Fittest”

13. H. Horatio Alger 1. Emphasized the individual work ethic 2. “Rags to Riches” 3. Good virtue 4. Hard work will pay off

14. 19.2: Labor in the Age of Big Business (union game) Unions represented the most significant and lasting response of workers to the rise of big business and consolidation or corporate power

15. A. The Wage System 1. Relationships among workers and employers change; worker to worker 2. Machines and women replaced male workers 3. New employment opportunities for women; blk and wht 4. “minority” males have it the worse 5. Hazardous and poor working conditions

16. B. The Knights of Labor 1. 8 hour work week 2. Skilled and unskilled 3. Zero race or gender bias 4. No child labor 5. Graduated income tax 6. Equal pay for all Terence Powderly

17. C. Downfall of the Knights of Labor 1. Haymarket Riot a. Protesters assembly re: recent police violence b. End with more police violence and 7 dead c. Union labeled trouble due to anarchist supporting them = political radicalism

18. D. American Federation of Labor 1. “pure and simple unionism” 2. Skilled workers 3. No blks or immigrants 4. Women s/b @ home Samuel Gompers

19. 19.3: The New South Economic start slow due to needed capital, still agricultural and slavery’s legacy

20. A. Economically Speaking 1. Northern investors need to help build economy 2. Major industries dealt with raw materials other than textiles

21. B. Southern Labor 1. 1/3 pop AA 2. Unskilled 3. Segregated 4. Unions forced out 5. $0.12/hr. 6. Children 7. convicts

22. 19.4: The Industrial City The Long, Long Journey

23. A. The Journey Over 1. 1-3 weeks voyage 2. Dirty, uncomfortable conditions,no fresh air 3. Stayed in steerage

24. B. Ellis Island

25. Great Hall

26. Inspection Lines

27. Medical & Mental Exams*

28. C. Populating the City Ethnic Enclaves

29. D. Immigrants Arrive 1. Ellis Island (East) 2. B/4 1890, most came from N. and W. Europe “old immigrants” 3. After 1890, most came from E. and S. Europe “new immigrants” 4. Asian immigrants came in through Angel Island in San Francisco 5. Process a. 5 hr. process b. Health & mental exams c. Literacy test, healthy, $25 (must haves) 6. 2% did not pass

30. E. Moving Out of the City

31. F. Changing Cities 1. Chicago the first w/ Home Ins. Building, 1885 2. Chicago’s own Louis Sullivan, architect

32. 19.5: The Rise of Consumer Economy

33. The Gilded Age: Era when society was perceived as doing well but the reality was corruption, poverty, crime, and a huge gap between the rich and poor.

34. A. Conspicuous Consumption

35. B. The New Middle Class 1. Defined “areas” work and gender based 2. Exercise 3. Increased leisure time 4. Self-improvement via culture