1. Let’s go play some hockey, eh? CANADA

2. SECTION 1: PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

3. LANDFORMS Western 1/3 is mountainous Contains: Pacific Ranges (Cascade and Coast Ranges) Canadian Rockies are east of those Rockies flatten into the Great Plains and Interior Lowlands

4. Canadian Shield east of Great Plains Appalachian Mountain range extends into the maritime provinces Coastal Lowlands in extreme east LANDFORMS CONTINUED

5. Mackenzie River (from Great Slave Lake to Arctic Ocean) drains much of northern Canada St. Lawrence River (from Lake Ontario to Atlantic Ocean) forms part of border with the U.S. WATER SYSTEMS

6. CLIMATE REGIONS Marine West Coast climate on Pacific coast Semi-arid climate btwn Pacific Ranges and Rockies (rain-shadow effect) TIMBERLINE : point in elevation where trees can not grow CHINOOK : seasonal (spring) warm wind that blows down the Rockies

7. CLIMATE CONTINUED Humid continental climate for the southern 1/3 of Canada Subarctic and tundra climates in the north Boreal Forest makes up majority of the north BF is the 2 nd largest area of uninterrupted forest in the world

8. NATURAL RESOURCES Energy: Athabasca TAR SANDS : large deposit of semisolid heavy crude oil Minerals: gold, silver, copper (Rockies); iron ore and nickel (Canadian Shield) Fish Timber

9. SECTION 2: HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

10. INDIGENOUS GROUPS Inuits, Metís, and First Nations are the main indigenous peoples Inuits around Canadian Arctic Metís: FN and French ancestry FN: indigenous but not Inuit or Metís 1.25 million indigenous people today

11. FRENCH EXPLORERS Early 1600s Jacques Cartier came in mid-1500s Named New France (Quebec today) Began clashes w/British in 1670 Britain wins control in 1763

12. DOMINION Early 1800s French and English communities feud over policy Fear of U.S. takeover forced alliance 1867: colonies of Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick unite This is the DOMINION OF CANADA DOMINION : partially self- governing country; close ties to another country

13. GOVERNMENT Close ties to Great Britain Gained full independence in 1931 1982: Constitution Act cut legislative link to Britain Executive branch: governor general, prime minister, and cabinet Legislative branch: Parliament (Senate and House of Commons) Judicial: Supreme Court

14. LE QUEBECOIS Def: Quebec’s French- speaking inhabitants Became minority in early to mid 1800s Being in minority creates nationalism

15. MODERN CHALLENGES North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): eliminated tariffs and other trade barriers btwn Canada, U.S., and Mexico Many Canadians dislike effect of NAFTA Imports U.S. pop culture

16. MODERN CHALLENGES CONT. Strong support for Quebec independence 2012: members of the Parti Québécois were elected to political office They support SEPARATISM : breaking away one part of a country to create a separate, independent country

17. POPULATION PATTERNS Pop: 35,706,000 9 ppl/sq. mile 75% live within 100 miles of U.S. border 81% live in urban centers Major cities: Toronto (largest) Montreal (industry/shipping) Vancouver (trade w/Asia) Edmonton (oil)

18. SOCIETY AND CULTURE Very multicultural 2 official languages (French and English) Education and health care supported by government Only required to go to school until 16

19. ECONOMIC ACTIVITY Leader in production of uranium, iron ore, coal, petroleum, copper, and silver World’s 3 rd largest producer of hydroelectric power

20. ECON CONT Natural resources and ag make up 60% of exports 70% of GDP is service industry GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) : value of goods and services produced WITHIN a country in a year

21. ECON CONT Prairie Provinces are major producers of grain and cattle Atlantic coast: fishing Tech and electronics are growing fast Space and aircraft industry are growing

22. SECTION 3: PEOPLE AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT

23. MANAGING RESOURCES OLD GROWTH FORESTS : relatively untouched by human activity Boreal (Taiga) Forest is shrinking Only 10% is federally protected

24. RESOURCES CONTINUED Overfishing led to laws protecting certain fish Hydroelectricity requires damming (protests) Crude oil extraction and processing releases CO2