1. Out of the Renaissance: Antecedents for the Scientific Revolution CIV 101-02 November 16, 2015 Class 35

2. Timeline and Backdrop We took The High Renaissance and Early Mannerism to run, circa 1494–1564 Events in the 15th and 16th centuries set the stage for the Scientific Revolution: – Development of countries. – Urbanization. – Lessening of the Black Plague. – Crises in the Catholic Church.

3. Renaissance scholars discovered a new purpose for mankind. That purpose was revealed by human history... The Renaissance scholars then, made the Renaissance a reality. They looked both backward to the classical past and forward to an unknown future. The future, although unknown, did admit of at least one thing -- it would be the work of real, living and breathing men. And that future would be bright -- it would be one of progress. Man was the intrepid explorer and after one thousand years of Christian dogmatism, sectarianism, heresy and the authority of the Church, Renaissance thinkers and artists gazed proudly to the future. The man of God, resolute in his dogmatic opinions and asceticism -- fashioned by centuries of Church domination and synthesized by Aquinas -- had, by the 14th century, become godlike himself. Steve Kreis, http://www.historyguide.org/earlymod/lecture1c.html

4. Out of the Renaissance & Reformation, we come to wonder “what makes truth”? Standards of practice were needed: Determinations of the quality of evidence Judgments about arguments principles for setting definitions How does one get to a law of nature since previously, the Church just decided about the laws of nature and told us what they were?

5. Toward the Scientific Method In simple terms, one had to establish two things: 1.Induction a.how does one observe and collect observations of natural phenomena in ways that comport with “reality”? b.How does one protect these observations from observational bias and fallible perceptions? 2. Deduction a.How does one draw rational conclusions about what one has observed? b.Without tainting the analysis with prior beliefs/dogma\.

6. Toward the Scientific Method: Active State Sponsorship of Science England’s Charles II (ruled 1600-1685) ratified the founding of the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge (1660, the Royal Society) In 1666, Frances’ Louis XIV established the French Academy of Sciences. an 1667, King Leopold of Germany chartered the German/National Academy of Science.

7. 1350- Petrarch: Humanism (elevates the works of man) 1436- Gutenberg’s Press: (loosens the hold of the Church; increases circulation of ideas) 1492-1609- Age of Discovery: the voyages we covered last time. 1514- Copernicus: heliocentric theory 1517- Luther: Protestant Movement (loosens the hold of the Church)

8. 1580- Bacon: faculty psychology (reason, memory, imagination, appetite, will); perception as fallible 1580- Bruno: universe of infinite size; planets/stars/moon moving; earth maybe not at the center 1580- Brahe: astronomy; structure of the solar system

9. 1591- Viete: unknown numbers; analytical trigonometry 1594- Napier: Logarithms 1595- Kepler: Mathematical laws of motion (confirms Copernicus and anticipates/used by Newton)

10. 1609- (I’m cheating into the start of the 17th c.; some of his work was earlier and still 16th c.) Galileo: telescope (confirmation of Copernicus) also thermometer, work on tides, sound frequencies and lots of other stuff (including the basis for Newton’s laws of motion and Einstein’s theories of relativity)

11. Introduction to the Scientific Revolution history.com 3 minute video http://www.history.com/topics/enlightenme nt/videos/mankind-the-story-of-all-of-us- scientific-revolution http://www.history.com/topics/enlightenme nt/videos/mankind-the-story-of-all-of-us- scientific-revolution See you Friday. I moved the due date time for your draft to 1pm on Wednesday.