1. Your Nervous System Central Nervous System

2. Engage

3. Explore Clay Brains Clay Brains

4. Explain CNS Relays messages Relays messages Processes information Processes information Analyzes information Analyzes information

5. Parts of CNS 1. The Spinal Cord 2. The Brain

6. Protections Skull and Vertebrae Skull and Vertebrae 3 protective layers called meninges 3 protective layers called meninges 1. Dura Mater (outer layer): consists of connective tissues, blood vessels, and nerves. 2. Arachnoid Layer (middle layer): elastic and weblike 3. Pia Mater (inner layer): contains nerves and blood vessels. 4. Cerebrospinal fluid a clear watery liquid a clear watery liquid separates the middle and inner layers separates the middle and inner layers Acts as shock absorber Acts as shock absorber exchange of nutrients between blood and nervous system exchange of nutrients between blood and nervous system

8. Pons Pituitary gland Hypothalamus Cerebrum Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Cerebellum Pineal gland Thalamus Section 35-3

9. The Brain The Brain The brain is the control center of the body The brain is the control center of the body It is about 2% of your body weight and uses 20% of your body’s oxygen It is about 2% of your body weight and uses 20% of your body’s oxygen

10. Parts of the Brain Divided into three parts Divided into three parts Cerebrum Cerebrum Cerebellum Cerebellum Brain Stem Brain Stem

11. Cerebrum 1. Largest part of the brain – Learning and Senses 2 hemispheres- Right and Left 2 hemispheres- Right and Left Connected by the Corpus Callosum Connected by the Corpus Callosum Right side controls- left side Right side controls- left side Left side controls – right side of body Left side controls – right side of body Four sections - LOBES Four sections - LOBES 1. Frontal Lobe 2. Parietal Lobe 3. Occipital Lobe 4.Temporal Lobe 3. Occipital Lobe 4.Temporal Lobe

14. Gray Matter vs. White Matter Gray Matter – Absence of myelin in masses of neurons accounts for the gray matter of the brain – Cerebral Cortex Gray Matter – Absence of myelin in masses of neurons accounts for the gray matter of the brain – Cerebral Cortex White Matter - Myelinated neurons gives neurons a white appearance – inner layer of cerebrum White Matter - Myelinated neurons gives neurons a white appearance – inner layer of cerebrum

15. Cerebral Cortex Cerebral Cortex - The outermost layer of gray matter making up the superficial aspect of the cerebrum. http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-6.tif.jpg

16. Lobes of the Brain (4) Frontal Frontal Parietal Parietal Occipital Occipital Temporal Temporal * Note: Occasionally, the Insula is considered the fifth lobe. It is located deep to the Temporal Lobe. http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1- 8.tif.jpg

17. Lobes of the Brain - Frontal The Frontal Lobe of the brain is located deep to the Frontal Bone of the skull. The Frontal Lobe of the brain is located deep to the Frontal Bone of the skull. It plays an integral role in the following functions/actions: - Memory Formation - Emotions - Decision Making/Reasoning - Personality Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpghttp://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

18. Frontal Lobe - Cortical Regions Orbitofrontal Cortex – Site of Frontal Lobotomies Orbitofrontal Cortex – Site of Frontal Lobotomies Primary Motor Cortex (Precentral Gyrus) – Cortical site involved with controlling movements of the body. Broca’s Area – Controls facial neurons, speech, and language comprehension. Located on Left Frontal Lobe. – Broca’s Aphasia – Results in the ability to comprehend speech, but the decreased motor ability (or inability) to speak and form words. Olfactory Bulb - Cranial Nerve I, Responsible for sensation of Smell * Desired Effects: - Diminished Rage - Decreased Aggression - Poor Emotional Responses * Possible Side Effects: - Epilepsy - Poor Emotional Responses - Perseveration (Uncontrolled, repetitive actions, gestures, or words)

19. Primary Motor Cortex/ Precentral Gyrus Broca’s Area Orbitofrontal Cortex Olfactory Bulb Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpghttp://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg Regions

20. Lobes of the Brain - Parietal Lobe The Parietal Lobe of the brain is located deep to the Parietal Bone of the skull. The Parietal Lobe of the brain is located deep to the Parietal Bone of the skull. It plays a major role in the following functions/actions: - Senses and integrates sensation(s) - Spatial awareness and perception (Proprioception - Awareness of body/ body parts in space and in relation to each other) Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpghttp://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

21. Parietal Lobe - Cortical Regions Primary Somatosensory Cortex (Postcentral Gyrus) – Site involved with processing of tactile and proprioceptive information. Primary Somatosensory Cortex (Postcentral Gyrus) – Site involved with processing of tactile and proprioceptive information. Somatosensory Association Cortex - Assists with the integration and interpretation of sensations relative to body position and orientation in space. May assist with visuo-motor coordination. Primary Gustatory Cortex – Primary site involved with the interpretation of the sensation of Taste.

22. Primary Somatosensory Cortex/ Postcentral Gyrus Primary Gustatory Cortex Somatosensory Association Cortex Regions Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpghttp://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

23. Lobes of the Brain – Occipital Lobe The Occipital Lobe of the Brain is located deep to the Occipital Bone of the Skull. The Occipital Lobe of the Brain is located deep to the Occipital Bone of the Skull. Its primary function is the processing, integration, interpretation, etc. of VISION and visual stimuli. Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1- 8.tif.jpghttp://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1- 8.tif.jpg

24. Occipital Lobe – Cortical Regions Primary Visual Cortex – This is the primary area of the brain responsible for sight -recognition of size, color, light, motion, dimensions, etc. Primary Visual Cortex – This is the primary area of the brain responsible for sight -recognition of size, color, light, motion, dimensions, etc. Visual Association Area – Interprets information acquired through the primary visual cortex.

25. Primary Visual Cortex Visual Association Area Regions Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpghttp://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

26. Lobes of the Brain – Temporal Lobe The Temporal Lobes are located on the sides of the brain, deep to the Temporal Bones of the skull. The Temporal Lobes are located on the sides of the brain, deep to the Temporal Bones of the skull. They play an integral role in the following functions: - Hearing - Organization/Comprehension of language - Information Retrieval (Memory and Memory Formation) Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1- 8.tif.jpghttp://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1- 8.tif.jpg

27. Temporal Lobe – Cortical Regions Primary Auditory Cortex – Responsible for hearing Primary Auditory Cortex – Responsible for hearing Primary Olfactory Cortex – Interprets the sense of smell once it reaches the cortex via the olfactory bulbs. (Not visible on the superficial cortex) Wernicke’s Area – Language comprehension. Located on the Left Temporal Lobe. - Wernicke’s Aphasia – Language comprehension is inhibited. Words and sentences are not clearly understood, and sentence formation may be inhibited or non-sensical.

28. Primary Auditory Cortex Wernike’s Area Primary Olfactory Cortex (Deep) Conducted from Olfactory Bulb Regions Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpghttp://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

29. Cerebellum Second largest Second largest located below the cerebrum at back of skull located below the cerebrum at back of skull This part is responsible for the balance and muscle coordination This part is responsible for the balance and muscle coordination

31. Brain Stem Connects the brain to spinal cord Connects the brain to spinal cord The Two Regions act as “switchboard” The Two Regions act as “switchboard” Medulla Oblongata – Controls heart rate, breathing rate, and flow of blood through the blood vessels. Medulla Oblongata – Controls heart rate, breathing rate, and flow of blood through the blood vessels. Pons – Relays signals between the cerebrum and the cerebellum Pons – Relays signals between the cerebrum and the cerebellum

32. Other Structures inside the Brain Thalamus – receives messages from sensory receptors; relays information to proper regions of cerebrum Thalamus – receives messages from sensory receptors; relays information to proper regions of cerebrum Hypothalamus - Regulates hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, etc… Hypothalamus - Regulates hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, etc… Control of pituitary for endocrine function Control of pituitary for endocrine function

33. Pons Pituitary gland Hypothalamus Cerebrum Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Cerebellum Pineal gland Thalamus Section 35-3

34. Spinal nerve Central canalGray matter White matter Meninges Section 35-3 Cross Section of the Spinal Cord

35. Section 35-3

36. Spinal Cord Link between brain and rest of body (PNS) Link between brain and rest of body (PNS) 31 pairs of spinal nerves 31 pairs of spinal nerves Reflexes processed directly by spinal cord Reflexes processed directly by spinal cord Reflex – quick, automatic, unconscious responses Reflex – quick, automatic, unconscious responses Result of reflex arcs – shortest nerve pathways Result of reflex arcs – shortest nerve pathways

37. Further Investigation Phineas Gage: Phineas Gage was a railroad worker in the 19th century living in Cavendish, Vermont. One of his jobs was to set off explosive charges in large rock in order to break them into smaller pieces. On one of these instances, the detonation occurred prior to his expectations, resulting in a 42 inch long, 1.2 inch wide, metal rod to be blown right up through his skull and out the top. The rod entered his skull below his left cheek bone and exited after passing through the anterior frontal lobe of his brain. Frontal

38. Remarkably, Gage never lost consciousness, or quickly regained it (there is still some debate), suffered little to no pain, and was awake and alert when he reached a doctor approximately 45 minutes later. He had a normal pulse and normal vision, and following a short period of rest, returned to work several days later. However, he was not unaffected by this accident. Learn more about Phineas Gage: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Gage http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Gage Frontal http://www.sruweb.com/~walsh/gage5.jpg

39. Q: Recalling what you have just learned regarding the frontal lobe, what possible problems or abnormalities may Gage have presented with subsequent to this type of injury (remember the precise location of the rod through his brain)? A: Gage’s personality, reasoning, and capacity to understand and follow social norms had been diminished or destroyed. He illustrated little to no interest in hobbies or other involvements that at one time he cared for greatly. ‘After the accident, Gage became a nasty, vulgar, irresponsible vagrant. His former employer, who regarded him as "the most efficient and capable foreman in their employ previous to his injury," refused to rehire him because he was so different.’ Q: It is suggested that Gage’s injury inspired the development of what at one time was a widely used medical procedure. What might this procedure be, and how does it relate to Gage’s injury? A: The frontal lobotomy. This has been used with the intention to diminish aggression and rage in mental patients, but generally results in drastic personality changes, and an inability to relate socially. This procedure is largely frowned upon today, with the development of neurological drugs as treatments. Frontal

40. Elaboration Nicotine in the Body and Brain Nicotine in the Body and Brain

41. Drugs and the Nervous System Drug – any substance, other than food that changes the structure or function of the body Drug – any substance, other than food that changes the structure or function of the body Legal Legal Illegal Illegal

42. Drugs That Affect the Synapse

43. Used to increase alertness, relieve fatigue Used to relieve anxiety, irritability, tension Used to relieve pain Stimulants Depressants Opiates Amphetamines Barbiturates Tranquilizers Morphine Codeine Increase heart and respiratory rates; elevate blood pressure; dilate pupils; decrease appetite Slow down the actions of the central nervous system; small amounts cause calmness and relaxation; larger amounts cause slurred speech and impaired judgement Act as a depressant; cause drowsiness, restlessness, nausea Section 35-5 Commonly Abused Drugs Drug TypeMedical UseExamplesEffects on the body

44. 1. Stimulants Increase Increase Heart rate Heart rate Blood pressure Blood pressure Breathing Breathing Release of neurotransmitters at some synapses in the brain Release of neurotransmitters at some synapses in the brain Deplete neurotransmitters and lead to: Deplete neurotransmitters and lead to: Fatigue Fatigue Circulatory problems Circulatory problems Hallucinations Hallucinations Depression Depression

45. 2. Depressants Decrease Decrease Heart rate Heart rate Breathing rate Breathing rate Blood pressure Blood pressure Relax muscles Relax muscles Relieve tension Relieve tension Enhances release of neurotransmitters that prevent nerves cells from firing Enhances release of neurotransmitters that prevent nerves cells from firing Alcohol with depressants can lead to death – depresses CNS to a point one stops breathing Alcohol with depressants can lead to death – depresses CNS to a point one stops breathing

46. 3. Opiates Mimics endorphins Mimics endorphins Endorphin – natural chemical in brain that helps overcome pain Endorphin – natural chemical in brain that helps overcome pain When person stops taking When person stops taking Brain has adjusted to high levels of endorphins Brain has adjusted to high levels of endorphins Cannot produce enough natural endorphins Cannot produce enough natural endorphins Suffer uncontrollable pain and sickness Suffer uncontrollable pain and sickness

47. 4. Cocaine Sudden release of Dopamine Sudden release of Dopamine Powerful Stimulant Powerful Stimulant Increases heart rate and blood pressure Increases heart rate and blood pressure First time users can have heart attack First time users can have heart attack Dopamine – neurotransmitter in brain that is released to give feeling of pleasure and satisfaction Dopamine – neurotransmitter in brain that is released to give feeling of pleasure and satisfaction

48. 5. Marijuana Active ingredient (THC) tetrahydrocannabinol Active ingredient (THC) tetrahydrocannabinol More destructive to lungs than cigarettes More destructive to lungs than cigarettes 5 marijuana cigs = 120 conventional cigs 5 marijuana cigs = 120 conventional cigs Results in: Results in: Lower WBC count by 40% - susceptible to infections Lower WBC count by 40% - susceptible to infections Teens – Teens – inhibits maturity inhibits maturity Retards normal brain growth Retards normal brain growth Memory loss Memory loss Inability to concentrate Inability to concentrate Fall short on memory as well as math and verbal skills Fall short on memory as well as math and verbal skills Males – reduced testosterone levels and increases estrogen levels Males – reduced testosterone levels and increases estrogen levels Females – Females – disturbs menstrual cycle disturbs menstrual cycle DNA damage to eggs DNA damage to eggs

49. More Effects (FYI) Impaired perception Impaired perception Loss of coordination Loss of coordination Increased risk of accidents Increased risk of accidents Impaired judgement Impaired judgement Loss of motivation Loss of motivation Diminished inhibitions Diminished inhibitions Increased heart rate Increased heart rate Anxiety, panic attacks, and paranoia Anxiety, panic attacks, and paranoia Hallucinations Hallucinations Damage to the respiratory, reproductive, and immune systems Damage to the respiratory, reproductive, and immune systems Increased risk of CANCER Increased risk of CANCER Psychological dependency Psychological dependency

50. 6. Alcohol Depressant Depressant Slows down CNS Slows down CNS 40% of 50,000 highway deaths are caused by drinking and driving 40% of 50,000 highway deaths are caused by drinking and driving 1/3 of homocides attributed to effects of alcohol 1/3 of homocides attributed to effects of alcohol $150 billion dollars of U.S. economy alcohol abuse treatment $150 billion dollars of U.S. economy alcohol abuse treatment Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) Drinking while pregnant Drinking while pregnant Heart defects, malformed faces, delayed growth, poor motor development Heart defects, malformed faces, delayed growth, poor motor development

51. Alcohol and Disease Long-term alcohol use or bouts of excessive consumption Long-term alcohol use or bouts of excessive consumption Destroys liver cells Destroys liver cells Cirrhosis of liver – formation of scar tissue that prevents blood flow through liver Cirrhosis of liver – formation of scar tissue that prevents blood flow through liver

52. Drug Abuse Intentional misuse of any drug for nonmedical purposes Intentional misuse of any drug for nonmedical purposes Addiction – uncontrollable dependence on a drug Addiction – uncontrollable dependence on a drug

53. Only Way to Prevent Addiction and Effects of Drugs NOT taking them to begin with NOT taking them to begin with