2. Unit 5 The Villain In the Atmosphere By Isaac Asimov

3. Teaching Plan Warming up Global Reading New Words Text Analysis Exercise &Assignment Proverbs & Sayings

4. Global Warming

5. 1. consume energy 2. greenhouse 3. greenhouse gases 4. the greenhouse effect 5. degree Fahrenheit 6. degree Celsius 7. atmosphere 8. fossil fuel 9. carbon dioxide 10. renewable source 11. non-renewable source 12. Natural resources 13. Low-carbon lifestyle  消耗能源  温室  温室气体  温室效应  华氏度  摄氏度  大气层  化石燃料  二氧化碳  可再生资源  不可再生资源  自然资源  低碳生活 Related words : ['fær ə hait] ['selsi ə s]

6. List some things that use energy around us:

7. Renewable Energy Renewable energy sources, such as the sun, wind, rain, and plant matter, naturally and continually "renew" themselves.

8. Renewable or non-renewable ? √

9. Renewable or non-renewable ? √

10. Renewable energy sources include: o Biomass - organic (plant, animal) materials o Geothermal - the heat of the earth o Hydroelectric - energy from flowing or falling water (streams, dams) Ocean energy - from waves, tides, or temperature differences in the ocean o Solar - from the sun (two types of systems: solar thermal and photovoltaic) o Wind - from the wind

11.  Now that we have learned some sources of energy are non-renewable, What should we do with energy ? We should save energy and thus reduce the emission ( 排放 ) of greenhouse gases.

12.  Have you ever seen a greenhouse? a greenhouse

13.  What is the green house made of and used for? It is made of glass and plants can grow in it when the weather is cold outside.

14.  How does it work? The air inside is warm because the glass trap the heat from the sun and keeps it from escaping. This makes the greenhouse heat up and so the plants can grow throughout the cold period.

15. Methane ['mi:θein]  What are Greenhouse gases? In the atmosphere surrounding the earth there are gases called “greenhouse gases”, including… Carbon dioxide Water vapor

16. Greenhouse gases perform the same function as the glass of a glasshouse. They trap heat from the sun and keep the air surrounding the earth warm, which is called the greenhouse effect.  What do you think greenhouse gases do?

17. greenhouse effect

18. The burning of fossil fuels 化石燃料 Forest fires Deforestation 森林砍伐 Industrial emissions 工业排放 electricity generation 发电 Transportation …… water vapour(H 2 O), carbon dioxide(CO 2 ), methane(CH 4 ), nitrous oxide(N 2 O), ……  What caused greenhouse effect?

19. The sea level to rise severe storms droughts famines 饥荒 the spread of diseases the destruction of species…  What effects will the global warming bring to our earth? What effects will the global warming bring to our earth?

20. In the movie, it is shown how the today’s world is getting destructed when a global cataclysm ( 大灾难 ) occurs.

21. 1.avoid throwing things away if they can be reused, repaired or recycled 2. use recycled paper 3. recycle paper, glass, cans, and bins etc. 4. avoid products from nonrenewable sources 5. avoid buying overpackaged products, buy minimally packaged goods 6. walk or use a bike when traveling short distances 7. use public transportation when traveling long distances Low-carbon life styles

22. 8. avoid using air-conditioning in the summer 9. try to make sure the heater isn’t turned up too high in the winter 10. use low-energy light bulbs, energy-saving lamps 11. Switch the power off when leaving a room or going to bed 12. avoid using more water than you need 13. Choose vegetarian or vegan meals. Livestock are responsible for more greenhouse gas emissions Back to the Contents

23. Para1 The villain in the atmosphere is carbon dioxide. Para2 It does not seem to be a villain. It is not very poisonous and it is present in the atmosphere in so small a quantity — only 0.034 percent — that it does us no harm.It is not very poisonous and it is present in the atmosphere in so small a quantity — only 0.034 percent — that it does us no harm. Para3 What’s more, that small quantity of carbon dioxide in the air is essential to life. Plants absorb carbon dioxide and convert it into their own tissue, which serve as the basic food supply for all of animal life (including human beings, of course). In the process they liberate oxygen, which is also necessary for all animal life. The Villain in the Atmosphere Isaac Asimov Global Reading

24.  Para4 But here is what this apparently harmless and certainly essential gas is doing to us:But here is what this apparently harmless and certainly essential gas is doing to us:  Para5 The sea level is rising very slowly from year to year. In all likelihood, it will continue to rise and do so at a greater rate in the course of the next hundred years. Where there are low-lying coastal areas (where a large fraction of the world’s population lives) the water will advance steadily, forcing people to retreat inland. Where there are low-lying coastal areas (where a large fraction of the world’s population lives) the water will advance steadily, forcing people to retreat inland.

25.  Para 6: Eventually the sea will reach two hundred feet above its present level, and will be splashing against the windows along the twentieth floors of Manhattan’s skyscrapers. Florida will disappear beneath the waves, as will much of the British Isles, the crowded Nile valley, and the low-lying areas of China, India, and Russia.

26.  Para 7-8: Not only will many cities be drowned, but much of the most productive farming areas of the world will be lost. As the food supply drops, starvation will be widespread and the structure of society may collapse under the pressure. And all because of carbon dioxide. But how does that come about? What is the connection?

27.  Para9: It begins with sunlight, to which the various gases of the atmosphere (including carbon dioxide) are transparent. Sunlight, striking the top of the atmosphere, travels right through miles of it to warm the Earth’s surface. At night, the Earth cools by radiating heat into space in the form of infrared radiation. 

28.  Para 10: However, the atmosphere is not quite as transparent to infrared radiation as it is to visible light. Carbon dioxide in particular tends to block such radiation. Less heat is lost at night, for that reason, than would be lost if carbon dioxide were not present in the atmosphere. Without the small quantity of that gas present, the Earth would be distinctly cooler, perhaps uncomfortably cool.

29.  Para 11. We can be thankful that carbon dioxide is keeping us comfortably warm, but the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is going up steadily and that is where the villainy comes in. In 1958, carbon dioxide made up only 0.0316 percent of the atmosphere. Each year since, the concentration has crept upward and it now stands at 0.0340 percent. It is estimated that by 2020 the concentration will be nearly twice what it is now. 

30.  Para 12-14: This means that in the coming decades, Earth’s average temperature will go up slightly. As a result, the polar ice caps will begin to melt. Something like 90 percent of the ice in the world is to be found in the huge Antarctica ice cap, and another 8 percent is in the Greenland ice cap. If these ice caps begin to melt, the sea level will rise, with the result that I have already described. But why is the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere steadily rising?

31.  Para 15: To blame are two factors. First of all, in the last few centuries, first coal, then oil and natural gas, have been burned for energy at a rapidly increasing rate. The carbon contained in these fuels, which has been safely buried underground for many millions of years, is now being burned to carbon dioxide and poured into the atmosphere at a rate of many tons per day.

32.  Para 16-17: To make matters worse, Earth’s forests have been disappearing, slowly at first, but in the last couple of centuries quite rapidly. Right now it is disappearing at the rate of sixty-four acres per minute. Whatever replaces the forest — grassland or farms or scrub — produces plants that do not consume carbon dioxide at an equal rate. Thus, not only is more carbon dioxide being added to the atmosphere through burning of fuel, but as the forests disappear, less carbon dioxide is being removed from the atmosphere by plants.

33.  Para 18-20: But this gives us a new perspective on the matter. The carbon dioxide is not rising by itself. It is people who are burning the coal, oil, and gas. It is people who are cutting down the forests. It is people, then, who are the villains. What is to be done? First, we must save our forests, and even replant them.

34.  Para 21: Second, we must have new sources of fuel that do not involve the production of carbon dioxide. Nuclear power is one of them, but if that is thought too dangerous, there are other alternatives. There is the energy of waves, tides, wind, and the Earth’s interior heat. Most of all, there is the direct use of solar energy.

35.  Para 22: All of this will take time, work, and money, to be true, but nations spend more time, work, and money in order to support competing military machines that can only destroy us all. Should we object to spending less time, work, and money in order to save us all? Back to the Contents

36.  New words villain --- villainous dioxide --- monoxide essential --- inessential; essence convert --- conversion, convertible beneath --- under, below, underneath steady --- stable; unsteady, instable inland --- outland pressure --- stress, strain connection --- connect; connective; connector

37.  New words gas --- gasoline, petrol transparent --- transparence, transparency; opaque visible --- invisible; visibility tend --- tendency distinct --- indistinct; distinction; distinctive melt --- dissolve consume --- consumption; consumer perspective --- viewpoint, angle alternative --- alternate; alternation interior --- inner, internal, inside; exterior, external

38.  New words IV. Enriching your word power (P109) compete --- competition; competitive solar --- lunar

39. 1. convert Coal can be converted to gas. 我想把一些美元兑换成英镑。 convert …into / to … 把 … 改成 …; 改造 … I want to convert some dollars into pounds.  New words

40. 2. likelihood This latest dispute greatly increases the likelihood of a strike. There is every likelihood that more jobs will be lost later this year. NB: -hood 是后缀，用于构成名词，表示 “… 状态 ; … 的 时期 ” More Examples: childhood: the time or condition of being a child womanhood: the state or period of being a woman 成年女子的身份或状态  New words

41. Exercise: Fill in the blanks with the words below by adding the suffix –hood. 1. She lived in India in her. girlhood 2. I wouldn't like to live in the of an airport. neighbourhood 3. It was his ambition / dream to become a film director. boyhood 4. A celebration is held for the boy at the age when he is considered to have reached. manhood man/woman sister/brother neighbor boy/girl widow/widower

42. in all likelihood = very probably In all likelihood the flight will be cancelled. Interest rates will come down further in all likelihood. There is much / every / no / little likelihood that he will be elected for the second term.

43. 3. beneath: The ship sank beneath the waves. He looked down from the mountain to the valley beneath.  New words

44. CF: beneath, below, under & underneath 这些前置词均可表示位置 “ 在 … 下面 ” 之意。 beneath 书面用词，指紧挨 … 之下，其反义词是 on 。 below 指位置低于某物或在某物下方，但不一定在正下方， 所指范围较宽。 under 普通用词，与 over 相对，指在某物的正下方，含垂直 在下的意思。 underneath 书面口语均用，也常与 beneath 和 under 换 用，但更含遮蔽的意味。

45. 4. collapse: Thousands of buildings collapsed in the earthquake. He collapsed while working and dies on the way to hospital. （晕倒）（因病、累等） The company collapsed without any sign beforehand. （倒闭）  New words

46. I don't know what caused the collapse of her marriage. 两国的谈判濒于失败。 Negotiations between the two countries are on the brink / verge of collapse.

47. 5. pressure He didn’t want to leave the country, he only agreed to go under pressure. We must bring pressure on him. Collocation: exert ( place, put ) pressure on sb. (to do sth.) 对 … 施加压力 ease (relieve) pressure 缓解，减轻压力 face pressure 面临压力 resist pressure 顶住压力 under pressure 在压力下  New words

48. 6. radiation Many servicemen suffered radiation sickness after the early atomic tests. 这个仪器里产生有害的辐射物质。 This apparatus produces harmful radiations.  New words

49. Collocation emit radiation 释放辐射线 produce radiation 产生辐射 expose sth. to radiation 使 … 暴露于辐射中 harmful radiation 有害的辐射 a large amount of radiation 大量辐射

50. 7. tend to Janet tends to get angry if you ask her stupid questions. 每年这个时候，天都要冷的。 It tends to be cold at this time of year. Pattern: tend towards / to sth. 趋向于 … Women tend to live longer than men.  New words

51. 8. distinctly I distinctly remember asking him not to tell her about the new sales figures. distinct adj. 清晰的，明白的；不同的 [ 反 ] indistinct adj. distinction n. 区分；差异，差别；特征；卓 越 distinctive adj. 有特色的，特殊的，独特的； 有区别的  New words

52. 9. creep The traffic was creeping along at a snail’s pace. She crept up to him from behind. Old age creeps up on you before you realize it. 人不知不觉地就变老了。 Doubts began to creep into people’s minds about the justice of the practice.  New words

53. 10. melt Sugar melts in water. The hot sun soon melted the ice. CF:melt, dissolve 均含 “ 融化，溶解 ” 之意。 melt 最常用词，指任何固体的熔化过程，常引申作 “ 消 散、淡化或消失 ” 解。 dissolve 多指固体溶于溶剂的过程。 Her anger melted away when she read the letter.  New words

54. 11. perspective Her attitude lends a fresh perspective to the subject. The author sees the events in historical perspective. Collocation: view sth. from a new perspective 用新的眼光看待某事 look at / see sth. in (its right) perspective 正确地看待事物  New words

55. an alternative to… no alternative but to… … 的替换物 除 … 外别无选择 I'm afraid I have no alternative but to ask you to leave. 12. alternative: There are several alternatives to your plan. The opposition parties have so far failed to set out an alternative strategy.  New words

56. 13. compete Pattern: compete against (with)… compete for… compete in… 与 … 竞争 为 … 而竞争 在 … 中 / 方面竞争  New words Back to the Contents

57. ◆ What type is the text? A narration B description C exposition D argumentation Text Analysis ◆ What pattern is the text organized in? A problem-solution B cause-effect C general-specific D time / sequence 记叙文 a movie 描述文 a picture 说明文 a lecture 议论文 a debate 问题 - 解决 因果 总-分总-分 时间 / 顺序

58. ◆ Main idea It explains the greenhouse effect. ◆ Try to pick up those words or sentences that serve as links between paragraphs or parts of the text: 2 It 3 What’s more 4 But here 6 Eventually 7 Not only…but 8 And all because of 9 It begins with 10 However 12 This means 14 But why 15 To blame 16 To make matters worse 17 Whatever replaces 18 But this 19 What is to be done 20 First 21 Second 22 All of this

59. ◆ Main ideas of paragraphs No.Paras 2 Main ideas 1 8-13 3 4 14-18 19-22 1-7CO2 doesn’t seem to be but is a villain. CO2 keeps us warm but its continued concentration is disastrous. Why is the concentration of CO2 steadily rising? What is to be done?

60. Picture talk ①②③ ④⑤ ⑥

61. 2. Carbon dioxide is one of the essential gases to life in the atmosphere. F True or False Carbon dioxide is not very poisonous and it is present in the atmosphere in so small a quantity — only 0.034 percent — that it does us no harm. 1. Carbon dioxide is very poisonous, although it is present in the atmosphere in a small quantity, it does us harm. ( ) T

62. 3. The sea level is rising very slowly from year to year, mainly because of too much rain in these areas. It is because of carbon dioxide. F ( ) 5. The concentration of carbon dioxide increased steadily and it will be twice what is now by 2020. 4.Among the gases in the atmosphere, only the concentration of carbon dioxide may result in preventing heat around the Earth from escaping. T ( ) T

63. F 6. Burning coal, oil and natural gas are ways to reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. ( ) Coal, then oil and natural gas, have been burned for energy. The carbon contained in these fuels, which has been safely buried underground for many millions of years, is now being burned to carbon dioxide and poured into the atmosphere at a rate of many tons per day. 7. People are the real villains actually. 8. In order to save ourselves, we must have new sources of fuel that do not involve the production of carbon dioxide. T( ) T

64. Sentence Analysis 1. It is an inversion. “here” is used at the beginning of the sentence. The subject of the sentence is a complex sentence, consisting of a subject clause “what this apparently harmless and certainly essential gas.” 然而，这一看上去无害而且无疑又必不可少的气 体却正在对我们产生影响。

65. 2. The water will move forward to the coastal areas that are not much above the land (in which a great number of people in the world live), as a result, many people have to move away and settle down inside their countries. 在那些低洼的沿海地区 ( 在这些地区居住着世界上 很大一部分人口 ) ，海水会稳步向前推进，迫使人 们向内陆退居。

66. 3. The atmosphere is clearer to visible light than that to infrared radiation. 然而，大气层对红外线来说并不像它对可见光那 样透明。

67. 4. Since 1958, every year the gathering of carbon dioxide has increased and now it was about 0.0340 percent. What’s the function of “creep upward”? It vividly showing us the increasing process of carbon dioxide, which moving slowly and quietly. 此后每年，其浓度逐年悄悄攀升，而现在已达到 0 ． 0340 ％。

68.  5. The carbon contained in these fuels, which has been safely buried underground for many millions of years, is now being burned to carbon dioxide and poured into the atmosphere at a rate of many tons per day.  这些燃料中所含的碳，在过去数百万年的岁月里一 直安全地埋在地下，而现在正被烧成二氧化碳，并 以每天数吨的速率大量排放到大气中。  There are two attributives after the subject “carbon”.  “contained in these fuels” — past participle phrase  “which has been safely buried underground for many millions of years” — attributive clause

69. 1. 温室效应 2. 对某人造成损害 3. 将 … 转化为 … 4. 起 … 作用 5. 年复一年 6. 极有可能 greenhouse effect do sb. harm convert…into… serve as… from year to year in all likelihood Expressions in the text 7. 以更快速度 8. 低洼的沿海地区 9. 盛产粮食的地区 at a greater rate the low-lying coastal areas the productive farming areas

70. 10. 社会结构 11. 在 … 压力下 12. 发生, 出现 13. 大气中的各种气体 14. 温暖地球表面 structure of society under the pressure come about the various gases of the atmosphere warm the Earth’s surface 15. 以 … 的形式 16. 红外线辐射 17. 二氧化碳浓度 18. 据估计 in the form of… infrared radiation the concentration of carbon dioxide it is estimated that…

71. 19. 地球的平均温度 20. 极地冰盖 21. 燃烧以获取能量 22. 排放 Earth’s average temperature the polar ice caps be burned for energy pour into 23. 近一两个世纪 24. 从 … 中清除 25. 给某人一个新视角 in the last couple of centuries be removed from… give sb. a new perspective 26. 新的燃料源 27. 反对，不喜欢 a new source of fuel object to doing sth. Back to the Contents

72.  Exercise &Assignment

73.  I. Match A with B   1) h  2) e  3) a  4) g  5) f  6) d  7) b  8) c

74.  II. Fill in each of the blanks  6) brainstorm 头脑风暴  又称智力激励法, 现代创造学奠基人美国奥斯本提出, 一 种创造能力的集体训练法. 当一群人围绕一个特定的兴 趣领域产生新观点的时候, 这种情境就叫做头脑风暴. 由 于会议使用了没有拘束的规则, 人们就能够更自由地思 考进入思想的新区域, 从而产生很多的新观点和问题解 决方法. 当参加者有了新观点和想法时, 他们就大声说出 来, 然后在他人提出的观点之上建立新观点. 所有的观点 被记录下但不进行批评. 当头脑风暴会议结束的时, 才对 这些观点和想法进行评估. 其特点是与会者敞开思想使 各种设想在相互碰撞中激起脑海的创造性风暴. 其可分 为直接头脑风暴和质疑头脑风暴法. 前者是在专家群体 决策基础上尽可能激发创造性, 产生尽可能多的设想的 方法. 后者则是对前者提出的设想, 方案逐一质疑, 发现其 现实可行性的方法是一种集体开发创造性思维的方法。美国兴 趣思 考观点思想质疑头脑风暴法

75.  1) makes up  2) fraction  3) perspectives  4) from year to year  5) poisonous  6) liberate  7) crept  8) transparent  9) to make matters worse  10) consume  11) be replaced 13) has disappeared  12) interior 14) came about

76.  III. Complete the following sentences  1) illegal a 违法的  2) misleading a 骗人的 / 错误诱导的  3) claim v 声称 ingredient n 成分 ; 原料  proportion n 部分 ; 比例  4) organic a 有机的 compound n 化合物  5) fossil a 化石的  6) overuse n 滥用 historic site 历史遗迹  7) as well as 除 … 外还 take up v 占据  moisture n 湿度 nutrient n 营养品  8) combat v 战斗搏斗 security n 安全

77.  1) has served as  2) may do harm to  3) makes up  4) convert them into  5) in all likelihood  6) from year to year  7) compete with … for  8) is essential to

78.  IV. Enriching Your Word Power  1 形容词后缀 – ous  Nouns Adjectives Nouns Adjectives  poison poisonous jealousy jealous  毒药 有毒的 嫉妒 嫉妒的  joy joyous curiosity curious  喜悦 喜悦的 好奇 好奇的  treachery treacherous caution cautious  背叛 背叛的 警告 / 谨慎 警告的  religion religious ridicule ridiculous  宗教 宗教的 嘲笑 嘲笑的

79.  prosperity prosperous ambition ambitious  繁荣 / 兴旺 繁荣 / 兴旺的 野心 / 雄心 野心的  spontaneity spontaneous  自发性 自发的  generosity generous  慷慨 / 大方 慷慨 / 大方的  humor humorous virtue virtuous  幽默 幽默的 品德 有道德的  mystery mysterious error erroneous  谜神 / 秘事物 谜的 错误 错误的

80.  2 合成形容词  ill-fitting 不合适的 outstanding 杰出 / 卓越的  far-reaching 意义深远 / 影响很大的  everlasting 永远 / 永久的 ; 不朽的  持久的 / 接连不断的  good-looking 好看 / 漂亮的 ; 美貌的  high-sounding 唱高调的 ; 大口气的  fast-growing 快速发展 / 成长的  fast-moving 快速移动的 ; 迅速流转的

81.  1) fast-growing  2) fast-moving  3) good-looking  4) far-reaching  5) outstanding  6) ill-fitting  7) high-sounding  8) ever-lasting

82.  3 合成形容词  widespread 分布广 / 流传广的  well-meant 善意的  far-fetched 牵强附会的 ; 不自然的  well-read 博学的  well-paid 报酬优厚的 ; 高薪的  ill-planned 没有计划 / 规划好的  newly-wed 新婚的  well-designed 设计好的  8) automation n 自动化

83.  1) ill-planned  2) well-paid  3) well-designed  4) well-read  5) newly-wed  6) well-meant  7) widespread  8) far-fetched

84.  V Usage  first, firstly, first of all, at first  1 first  1) 当谈论某事发生在其它事情之前时, 作为副词使 用, 修饰动词. 例如 :  When the meeting began, the Party secretary spoke first.  The actress smiled, turning her head first to one side, then to the other so that they could all see the smile.  2) first = firstly 作为副词使用, 修饰全句. 表明阐述 的顺序. 例如 :  First / Firstly, we must save our forests, and even replant them.

85.  2 first of all 如果需要强调一项你打算首先  提到的事物，用此．  First of all, he knew how to listen to other people’s criticisms _ which is very rare; and then he knew how to remedy (v 补救 ) the situation.  3 at first (in the last …)  在一个事件的初期将感情或行为与后期的进行 比较, 使用 at first.  Earth’s forests have been disappearing, slowly at first but in the last couple of centuries quite rapidly.  I didn’t like learning English at first, but after a while I started to enjoy it.

86.  1 at first  情况似乎如此： David 欲在人前显露头角却遭遇极大的 艰难险阻 ; 几番努力, 但功名未获。  2 firstly / first 3 First of all  4 first of all / first  5 firstly  6 first 如果你付不了钱, 有人就向你施压, 先是口头的随 后是你的窗户被砸, 接下来是暴力.  7 to and fro 来回 briskly 轻快地 fit 健康的  at first  8 有时一件事情的发展是这样：前一秒还是缓滞不前，而 下一刻却风云突变。

87.  VI Structure  as will (do/have …) 也将 (…) 倒装  将两个句子用此连接为一个句子  Model:  Florida will disappear beneath the waves.  Much of the British Isles, the crowded Nile valley, and the low-lying areas of China, India, and Russia will disappear beneath the waves, too.  Florida will disappear beneath the waves, as will much of the British Isles, the crowded Nile valley, and the low-lying areas of China, India, and Russia

88.  1) A ballet dancer who does not practice everyday loses a lot of skill, as does a musician.  2) Almost all the teachers at the training centre were women, as were the majority of the learners.  3) The first lines gripped him; as did the next verse; and then the whole poem.  4) Isaac watched her winning smile, as did every man in the group.  5) Anyone accompanying a disable person will be admitted to the meeting, as will Guide dogs.

89.  6) The second individual session began with a review of the homework assignment, as did all sessions.  有些动词如 estimate, believe, discover, report 等, 经常用 It is done that… 这种句型表达, 意为 : 据信 ; 据评估 ; 据发现 ; 据报导等．  Model:  People estimate that by 2020 the concentration will be nearly twice what it is now.  It is estimated that by 2020 the concentration will be nearly twice what it is now.

90.  1) It is believed that between 50,000 and 100,000 people in this country, who are free of symptoms (n 症状 ), are likely to be carrying the HIV virus (n 病毒 ).  2) During this period, it is estimated that half a million people were killed in the communal ( 社会的 ) violence that flooded (v 泛滥 ) the country.

91.  3) When it is discovered that a substance (n 物 质 )harms (v 损害 ) women’s reproductive (a 生 育的 ) health, women of child-bearing age (a 育 龄的 ) are usually kept from (v 远离 ) jobs that might expose (v 暴露 ) them to it.  4) Official figures give average class sizes as forty to fifty, but it is reported that in the rural (a 农村的 ) areas there are often seventy to eighty children in a class.

92. VIII. Spot Dictation  S1 planet’s  S2 average  S3 directly  S4 temperature  S5 too cold for most  S6 In fact, it is frozen.  S7 thick  S8 hot enough to melt lead  S9 The earth absorbs most of the energy that reached its surface and re-emits it as heat.  S10 In doing so, we are setting the stage for a warmer Earth.

93. 1. 如果富有的国家多花些钱搞绿色工业，而不是去建立军 事机器和制造核武器，当今许多广泛存在的污染问题将 会逐渐消失。 green industries If the rich countries spent more money on green industries, instead of on building up military machines and nuclear weapons, many of today’s widespread pollution problems would gradually disappear. military machines and nuclear weapons build up widespread Translation

94. 2. 烧煤的时候，不仅消耗房子里面的氧气，而且还散发出 有毒的气体。 consume The burning of coal not only consumes the oxygen in the house but also gives out poisonous gases. poisonous give out burn coal

95. 3. 显然，找到替代能源对我们经济的稳定发展是至关重 要的。 apparently Apparently, finding alternative energy sources is essential to the steady development of our economy. essential alternative energy sources steady development

96. 4. 太阳能电池 (solar cell) 能吸收阳光并把它变成电。 convert…into… Solar cells can absorb sunlight and convert it into electricity.

97. 5. 如果地球上的温度继续年复一年地上升，极地的冰帽将 会开始融化，沿海城市中一半的建筑物很可能会消失在 噼啪飞溅的海浪下面。 from year to year If the temperature on the Earth continues to go up from year to year, the polar ice caps will begin to melt and, in all likelihood, half of the buildings in coastal cities will disappear beneath splashing sea waves. the polar ice caps go up melt in all likelihood splashing

98. 6. 因为这些生物很小并且常常躲在叶子茂密的植物下面， 肉眼并不都可以看见。 tend to Because these creatures are small and tend to hide beneath leafy plants, they are not always visible to the naked eyes. the naked eyes leafy visible

99. 7. 由于受到原子辐射，他最终在工作时倒下了。 exposure to atomic radiation As a result of exposure to atomic radiation, he finally collapsed at work. collapse at work

100. 8. 有明显的证据表明工作上的重压与身体的某些毛病有联 系。 distinct evidence There is distinct evidence of / showing the connection between heavy pressure of work and some disorders of the body. disorder heavy pressure of work connection

101. Directions: Based on what you’ve discussed above, write a short essay of about 120 words explaining What We Can Do to Help Slow Down Global Warming. Your essay should cover the following points: Assignment What factors led to the steadily rising concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere; What measures can be taken to prevent further increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere; What can we do as individuals to help the effort to stop global warming. 1. 2. 3.

102. With increased economic activity all over the world, people burn more and more coal, oil and gas every day, pouring an ever rising amount of carbon dioxide into the air. At the same time, due to the increase of population, more and more forests, which could absorb carbon dioxide, are turned into farming land, thus aggravating the greenhouse effect and causing the whole Earth to grow warmer and warmer. Sample:

103. To stop this warming trend, every country must first try to find alternative energy sources, such as solar and atomic power, and reduce the consumption of fossil fuels. Then effective measures must be taken to protect whatever trees are left uncut in the world. Furthermore, new trees should be planted every year so that forests will cover more and more areas of our globe.

104. As individuals, we can also contribute to the effort to stop global warming. In our homes, we can use energy efficient appliances, or use solar or wind power, which don’t emit carbon dioxide. While going out, we can use public transportation instead of driving a private car. We can even walk or bike to school or work. If we must drive, we can use a car that gets high mileage, or join a car pool when possible. With the joint effort of every country and every individual, we may hope to restore the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to its previous levels and prevent the disasters that threaten as a result of global weather change. Back to the Contents

105. Proverbs & Sayings  1. Ill air slays sooner than the sword.  污浊的空气杀人比刀还要快。  2. Exercise, temperance, fresh air, and needful rest are the best of all physicians.  锻炼、节制、新鲜空气和必要的休息是最好 的医生。  3. Fire and water are good servants, but bad masters.  水火是忠仆，造灾成元凶。 Back to the Contents