1. Chapter 6 Conducting & Reading Research Baumgartner et al Chapter 6 Selection of Research Participants: Sampling Procedures

2. Chapter 6 Conducting & Reading Research Baumgartner et al Population and Sample entire group or aggregate of people or elements having one or more common characteristics small subgroup of a population of interest thought to be representative of the larger population

3. Chapter 6 Conducting & Reading Research Baumgartner et al Steps in sampling process 1.Identify the target population 2.Identify the accessible population 3.Determine the desired sample size 4.Select the specific sampling technique 5.Implement the sampling plan *Goal is to have a sample

4. Chapter 6 Conducting & Reading Research Baumgartner et al Random processes Random : selecting a sample that is representative of the population Random : establish group equivalence by randomly assigning research participants to treatment conditions or comparison groups

5. Chapter 6 Conducting & Reading Research Baumgartner et al Sample Selection Methods Probability sampling: random processes are used to select members of the sample Nonprobability sampling: random processes not used

6. Chapter 6 Conducting & Reading Research Baumgartner et al Probability Sampling Simple random sampling – each item has equal chance of being selected Stratified random sampling-divide into subgroups and select # from each group Systematic sampling-use system, such as every kth element Cluster sampling-usually use naturally occurring group

7. Chapter 6 Conducting & Reading Research Baumgartner et al Nonprobability Sampling Purposive sampling (selected sampling) – Convenience sampling –

8. Chapter 6 Conducting & Reading Research Baumgartner et al Sample Size How many subjects do you need? Important for statistical applications Must plan to nonresponse of some subjects Random sampling is best if can be achieved Must worry about –variation due to chance that exists between a population parameter and a simple statistic

9. Chapter 6 Conducting & Reading Research Baumgartner et al Considerations for sample size Sampling error inversely related to sample size. Descriptive & correlational research needs larger samples. Sample size should increase as variability within a population increases If dividing sample into smaller groups, make initial sample big enough Practical factors such as subject availability and costs must be considered Power to detect a meaningful effect is related to sample size

10. Chapter 6 Conducting & Reading Research Baumgartner et al Sample size calculators calculators.stat.ucla.edu/sampsiz.phpc www.surveysystem.com/sscale/htm