1. America: Pathways to the Present Chapter 19 The Cold War (1945–1960) Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

2. America: Pathways to the Present Section 1: Origins of the Cold War Section 2: The Cold War Heats Up Section 3: The Korean War Section 4: The Continuing Cold War Chapter 26: The Cold War (1945–1960) Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

3. Origins of the Cold War Why was 1945 a critical year in United States ________________ relations? What were the postwar goals of the United States and the ________________? How did the ________________ ________________ tighten the Soviet Union’s hold over Eastern Europe? How did the Truman ________________ complement the policy of containment? Chapter 26, Section 1

4. 1945—A Critical Year As the end of World War II approached, relations between the Communist Soviet Union and its ________________ allies, the United States and Great Britain, grew increasingly ________________. At a meeting at ________________ in February, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin agreed on the postwar division of Germany but disagreed on the future of ________________. In April, representatives of 50 ________________, including the United States, adopted the charter for the United Nations, an organization dedicated to cooperation in solving ________________ problems. On April 12, ________________ died unexpectedly, making Vice President Truman the new President. Truman continued Roosevelt’s negotiations with Stalin at the ________________ Conference in July. Chapter 26, Section 1

5. Conflicting Postwar Goals American and Soviet Goals American Goals Wanted conquered ________________ nations to experience the democracy and ________________ opportunity that the United States had fought for during the war Wanted to develop strong ________________ economies, which would provide good markets for American ________________. Soviet Goals Wanted to rebuild Europe in ways that would help the Soviet Union recover from the huge ________________ it suffered during the war Wanted to establish Soviet ________________ nations, countries subject to Soviet ________________ and sympathetic to Soviet ________________ Wanted to promote the spread of ________________ throughout the world Chapter 26, Section 1

6. Soviets Tighten Their Hold Communist Expansion in Eastern Europe Albania and Bulgaria: Communists secure ________________ by silencing opposition in Albania; Soviet ________________ seize Bulgaria. Czechoslovakia: Although it desperately tried to remain ________________, Czechoslovakia became a Soviet ________________ nation in 1948. Hungary and Romania: By ________________ anti-Communist leaders in Hungary and ________________ the appointment of a Communist prime minister in Romania, Communists achieved power in both nations. East Germany: To make sure Germany could not ________________ his nation again, Stalin established a ________________ government, naming the state the German Democratic Republic. Finland and Yugoslavia: Both countries maintained their ________________ from Soviet control - Finland, by signing a ________________ of cooperation, and Yugoslavia, by following the leadership of ________________. Chapter 26, Section 1

7. The Iron Curtain Churchill coined the phrase ___________ curtain to describe the geographic and political divisions between Communist and ____________ nations in Europe. Chapter 26, Section 1

8. Containment and the Truman Doctrine The ________________ between the United States and the Soviet Union for world ________________ came to be known as the Cold War. The American policy of ________________ accepted the fact that Eastern Europe was under ________________ control, but sought to prevent ________________ governments from forming elsewhere in the world. The ________________ Doctrine, which applied the principles of containment, stated that the United States would support free peoples who resist attempted ________________. The Truman Doctrine was first applied in the cases of ________________ and Turkey. Chapter 26, Section 1

9. The Cold War Heats Up How did the ________________ Plan, the Berlin airlift, and ________________ help to achieve American goals in postwar Europe? How did ________________ advances affect American foreign policy? How did the Cold War affect American life at home? Chapter 26, Section 2

10. The Marshall Plan The United States wanted to help ________________ nations recover from the war and become ________________ strong democracies. It also wanted to prevent Communists from continuing to gain power in ________________. The ________________ Plan was created in 1947 by U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall as a means to achieve these goals. According to the ________________ Plan, participating nations would design ________________ programs and would receive ________________ aid from the United States. Seventeen Western ________________ nations joined the plan, receiving a total of ________ billion in aid. Chapter 26, Section 2

11. The Berlin Airlift As part of the postwar division of Germany, the city of ________________, located in ________________ East Germany, was divided into ________________ Berlin (capitalist) and ________________ Berlin (Communist). In June 1948, Stalin banned all shipments to ________________ Berlin through East Germany, creating a blockade which threatened to cut off supplies to the city. In response, Allied nations began the ________________ airlift, which delivered thousands of tons of food and other supplies to West Berlin via air. Although the Soviet blockade ended in May 1949, Berlin remained a focal point of Cold War ________________. Chapter 26, Section 2

12. NATO Why create a treaty organization? Soviet ________________ prevented the United Nations from resolving a number of postwar problems. The United States sought to avoid the problems of post– World War I ________________. The United States did not want to be the only nation in the Western Hemisphere committed to fighting communism. A ________________ role in the treaty organization would be vital. What was NATO? The ________________ ________________ Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed in April 1949. In joining NATO, the United States, Canada, and ten Western European nations pledged to support one another against attack, a principle known as ________________ security. In response, the Soviet Union created the ________________ Pact, a military alliance between the Soviet Union and its satellite nations. Chapter 26, Section 2

13. Communist Advances The Soviet Atomic Threat In September 1949, Truman announced that the Soviet Union had successfully tested an atomic bomb. In response, the United States began developing the even more powerful ________________ bomb, reestablishing itself as the world’s leading ________________ power. The newly formed Federal Civil Defense Administration distributed information on how to survive a ________________ attack; this information was ridiculed by experts. China Falls to the Communists During World War II, competing factions in China had ________________, but fighting between them resumed towards the end of the war. At first, the United States supported ________________ leader Jiang Jieshi against ________________ Mao Zedong. However, the United States later decided to focus on Western Europe instead. Many Americans viewed Mao Zedong’s creation of a ________________ state in China as a failure of ________________ policies. Chapter 26, Section 2

14. The Cold War at Home During the late 1940s, fear of ________________ spies created a climate of suspicion in the United States. Truman established a federal ________________ loyalty program in 1947, checking the ________________ of all new and existing federal ________________. The House ________________ Activities Committee (HUAC) began investigating ________________ personalities who the committee claimed, had Communist leanings. When one group, known as the ________________ Ten, refused to answer HUAC’s questions, they were cited for contempt of Congress and ________________. ________________ studios compiled a ________________, a list circulated to employers naming persons who should not be hired. ________________ individuals came from all sections of the industry and included anyone who seemed ________________. Chapter 26, Section 2

15. The Cold War at Home Fueled by fears of disloyal immigrants from Communist countries, the 1952 ________________ Act reestablished the ________________ quota system from 1924. This act discriminated against potential ________________ from Asia and Southern and Central Europe. Two famous spy cases reinforced fears that ________________ spies in the United States were sharing American secrets with foreign ________________. These were the cases of Alger Hiss and of Julius and Ethel ________________. Chapter 26, Section 2

16. The Korean War How did ________________ expansion in ________________ set the stage for the Korean War? Who fought in the Korean War, and what were the ________________ stages of the war? What were the ________________ of the Korean War? Chapter 26, Section 3

17. Communist Expansion in Asia The ________________ Civil War Civil war began in the mid-1920s and intensified after World War II. Mao ________________ won support for the Communists by ________________ land and offering schooling and ________________. Jiang Jieshi’s ________________ Party lost support because of harsh treatment of the ________________, high taxes, and ________________. When the Communists took power in 1949, the Nationalists fled to ________________. The Division of Korea World War II ended before a plan could be made for Korean ________________ from Japan. Korea was temporarily divided at the ________________ parallel, the latitude line running through approximately the midpoint of the ________________. A pro-American government formed in ________________ Korea, while a Communist government formed in ________________ Korea. Chapter 26, Section 3

18. The Korean Conflict In June 1950, the Korean War broke out when ________________ Korean troops invaded ________________ Korea, aiming to reunite the nation by force. A ________ resolution, which passed because the Soviets were not there to ________________ it, called on member states to defend South Korea and restore peace. Roughly ________ percent of the troops who served in the resulting UN police action were ________________. By attacking North Korean ________________ lines, General Douglas MacArthur was able to gain an ________________ and push north. However, a ________________ developed after ________________ helped the North Koreans push the UN forces back into South Korea. A ________________ signed in 1953 left Korea again divided near the thirty eighth parallel. Chapter 26, Section 3

19. The Effects of the Korean War Post-Korean War Changes in America Warfare — Limited ________________, limited ________________ Integration of the Military — First war in which ________________ Americans and ________________ Americans served in the same units Increased Power of the Military — A ________________ complex developed as the military established links with the ________________ and ________________ communities. Foreign Policy in Asia — September 1951 peace treaty signed with ________________; relations worsen with Communist ________________ Chapter 26, Section 3

20. The Continuing Cold War What were the characteristics of the ________________ era? How was the Cold War waged in ________________ Asia, the ________________ East, and ________________ America during the 1950s? How did the ________________ race develop? Chapter 26, Section 4

21. The McCarthy Era McCarthy’s Rise to Power ________________ Senator Joseph McCarthy, up for reelection raised the specter of ________________ conspiracies within the United States. McCarthy produced a list of ________________ names of presumed ________________ government ________________. Later, when scrutinized, this list was reduced to 57. Although McCarthy’s accusations were usually ________________ and could not be ________________, few were willing to risk their ________________ by speaking out against him. McCarthy’s Fall In early 1954, ________________, the name given to McCarthy’s ________________, reached the army. Democrats asked that the hearings between McCarthy and the ________________be televised, hoping to swing popular ________________against McCarthy. By mid-June 1954, McCarthy had lost even his strongest ________________. The Senate formally ________________him for his actions. Chapter 26, Section 4

22. The Cold War in the 1950s United States involvement around the world, 1947–1956 Eastern Europe — Wary of war with the ________________, America did not ________________uprisings in East Germany, Poland, and Hungary. Southeast Asia — Korean War ends; former French colony of ________________is divided into ________________North and ________________ South. Middle East — United States supports ________________, backs groups that restore a pro-American Shah in ________________; the Suez Crisis in ________________ erupts. Latin America — Organization of ________________ States (OAS) is created; American aid helps ________________ leaders gain and retain power. Chapter 26, Section 4

23. The Arms Race Throughout the 1950s, the United States and the Soviet Union competed in an ________________ race, a struggle to gain ________________ superiority. ________________, the policy of maintaining a military arsenal so strong that no enemy will attack for ________________ of retaliation, resulted in the escalating development of powerful ________________ weapons. The American policy of ________________ involved bringing the United States to the ________________ of war without actually entering into ________________. Chapter 26, Section 4

24. The Arms Race in the Skies To carry bombs to their targets, the Soviet Union developed long-range ________________ known as ________________ ballistic missiles, or ICBMs. In 1957, one of these rockets was used to launch the Soviet satellite ________________, the first artificial satellite to orbit Earth. When a Soviet guided missile shot down an ________________ U-2 spy plane, the resulting U-2 ________________ shattered American confidence and prompted a desire to match—and ________________ — Soviet ________________ technology. Chapter 26, Section 4