1. The brain stem
脑 干

2. The brain stem midbrain 中脑 pons 脑桥 medulla oblongata 延髓
Bulbopontine sulcus
延髓脑桥沟

3. ventral surface of the brain stem
Medulla oblongata
Pyramid 锥体: contain pyramidal tract (corticospinal tract)
Decussation of pyramid 锥体交叉
formed by crossing fibers of corticospinal tract
Olive 橄榄: overlying inferior
olivary nucleus下橄榄核
hypoglossal nerve 舌下神经
emerge from anterolateral sulcus
Glossopharyngeal n.
vagus n.
accessory n.
emerge from
retroolivary sulcus
橄榄后沟

4. ventral surface of the brain stem
Pons
Basilar part 基底部
Basilar sulcus 基底沟
Bulbopontine sulcus
延髓脑桥沟: from medial to lateral,
abducent, n 展神经
facial n.
vestibulocochlear n. 前庭蜗神经

5. ventral surface of the brain stem
Pons
Middle cerebellar peduncle 小脑中脚
Trigeminal nerve 三叉神经
Pontocerebellar trigone
脑桥小脑三角:
the junction of medulla, pons and cerebellum

6. ventral surface of the brain stem
Midbrain
Crus cerebri 大脑脚底
Interpeduncular fossa 脚间窝
oculomotor nerves 动眼神经
emerge from medial of crus cerebri
Posterior perforated substance 后穿质

7. dorsal surface of the brain stem
脑干背面
Medulla oblongata
Gracile tubercle 薄束结节: overlying gracile nucleus
Cuneate tubercle 楔束结节: overlying cuneate nucleus
Inferior cerebellar peduncle 小脑下脚

8. dorsal surface of the brain stem
脑干背面
Pons
Superior cerebellar peduncle 小脑上脚
Superior medullary velum 上髓帆

9. dorsal surface of the brain stem
脑干背面
Midbrain
Superior colliculus 上丘
centers of visual flexes 视觉反射中枢
Inferior colliculus 下丘
conduct auditory sensation 传导听觉
Trochlear nerve 滑车神经
Brachium of superior colliculus
上丘臂
Brachium of inferior colliculus
下丘臂

10. dorsal surface of the brain stem
rhomboid fossa 菱形窝
Boundaries
Superolateral:
superior cerebellar peduncle
小脑上脚
Inferolateral:
gracile tubercles 薄束结节
cuneate tubercles 楔束结节
inferior cerebellar peduncle
小脑下脚
Lateral recess 外侧隐窝

11. dorsal surface of the brain stem
rhomboid fossa
Median sulcus 正中沟
Sulcus limitans 界沟
Vestibular area 前庭区
overlies vestibular nuclei
Acoustic tubercle 听结节
overlying dorsal cochlear nucleus
Medial eminence 内侧隆起
Striae medullares 髓纹
Facial colliculus面神经丘:
overlies nucleus of abducent n. and genu of facial nerve

12. dorsal surface of the brain stem
rhomboid fossa
Hypoglossal triangle 舌下神经三角: overlying hypoglossal nucleus
Vagal triangle 迷走神经三角: overlies dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
Area postrema 最后区：lies between the vagal triangle and gracile tubercles
Locus ceruleus 蓝斑
at the upper end of Sulcus limitans 界沟上端

13. Fourth ventricle 第四脑室 position Lie between the Pons( 脑桥), medulla
Oblongata( 延髓)
and cerebellum
(in front of cerebellum and
posterior to the pons and
medulla oblongata ).

14. Fourth ventricle Floor-- rhomboid fossa Roof： Anterior part
superior cerebellar peduncle
小脑上脚
superior medullary velum
上髓帆

15. Fourth ventricle Roof： Posterior part inferior medullary velum 下髓帆
tela choroidea of fourth
Ventricle 第四脑室脉络组织
choroid plexuses of fourth
Ventricle 第四脑室脉络丛
produce the cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) 产生脑脊液。

16. Tela choroidea and choroid plexus 脉络丛和脉络组织

17. Fourth ventricle Communication 交通
(1) Median aperture of fourth ventricle 第四脑室正中孔
(2) lateral apertures of fourth ventricle 第四脑室外侧孔：a pair.
Subarachnoid space 蛛网膜下隙
(3) mesencephalic aqueduct （cerebral aqueduct ）中脑水管（大脑导水管）
Third ventricle 第三脑室

18. Internal structures – gray matter
Nuclei 神经核
■ Cranial nerve nuclei 脑神经核
■ Non- Cranial nerve nuclei ( relay nuclei)
非脑神经核 (传导束中继核)
The arrangments of Cranial nerve nuclei :

19. Cranial nerve nuclei 脑神经核
The Cranial nerve nuclei may be divided into 7 kinds:
General Somatic motor nuclei
一般躯体运动核
Special visceral motor nuclei
特殊内脏运动核
General visceral motor nuclei
一般内脏运动核
Visceral afferent（sensory）nuclei
( general and special )
内脏感觉核（一般与特殊）
General somatic afferent （sensory） nuclei 一般躯体感觉核
Special somatic afferent （sensory） nuclei 特殊躯体感觉核

20. Cranial nerve nuclei 脑神经核
General Somatic motor nuclei
一般躯体运动核
Nucleus of oculomotor n.
动眼神经核
Nucleus of trochlear n.
滑车神经核
Nucleus of abducent n.
展神经核
Nucleus of hypoglossal n.
舌下神经核

21. General Somatic motor nuclei
Nucleus
Site
Cranial n.
Function
Nucleus of
Oculomotor n.
Midbrain Ⅲ
Supreior, inferior,and medial rectus, inf. obliquus, levator palpebrae superioris
trochlear n. Ⅳ
Superior obliquus
Nucleus of abducent n.
Pons Ⅵ
Lateral rectus
Nucleus of hypoglossal n.
Medulla Ⅻ
Muscles of tongue

22. Special visceral motor nuclei 特殊内脏运动核
Cranial nerve nuclei 脑神经核
Special visceral motor nuclei 特殊内脏运动核
Motor nucleus of trigeminal n. 三叉神经运动核
Nucleus of facial n. 面神经
Nucleus ambiguus 疑核
Accessory nucleus 副神经核

23. Special visceral motor nuclei
Nucleus
Site
Cranial n.
Function
Motor nucleus of trigeminal n.
Pons Ⅴ
Masticatory muscles
Nucleus of
facial n. Ⅶ
Facial m., platysma, posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius 镫骨肌
ambiguus
Medulla
Ⅸ,Ⅹ.Ⅺ
Skeletal m. of pharynx, larynx and upper part of esophagus
Accessory
nucleus
Medulla-cervical cord Ⅺ
Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius

24. General visceral motor nuclei 一般内脏运动核
Cranial nerve nuclei 脑神经核
General visceral motor nuclei 一般内脏运动核
Accessory oculomotor nucleus 动眼神经副核
Superior salivatory nucleus
上泌涎核
Inferior salivatory nucleus
Dorsal nucleus of vagus n.
迷走神经背核

25. ●General visceral motor nuclei
Nucleus
Site
Cranial n.
Function
Accessory oculomotor nucleus
Midbrain Ⅲ
Sphincter pupillae and ciliary m.
Superior salivatory nucleus
Pons Ⅶ
Submandibular, sublingual and lacrimal glands
Inferior salivatory nucleus
Medulla Ⅸ
Parotid gland
Dorsal nucleus of vagus n.
medulla Ⅹ
Many cervical, thoracic and abdominal viscera

26. Visceral afferent nuclei ( general and special )
Cranial nerve nuclei 脑神经核
Visceral afferent nuclei ( general and special )
Nucleus of solitary tract 孤束核
Lies in the Medulla obongata
Send out the fibers to form Ⅶ,Ⅸ,Ⅹ cranial n.
Function：
Taste and visceral sensation

27. General somatic afferent nuclei 一般躯体感觉核
Cranial nerve nuclei 脑神经核
General somatic afferent nuclei 一般躯体感觉核
Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal n. 三叉神经中脑核
Pontine nucleus of trigeminal n. 三叉神经脑桥核
Spinal nucleus of trigeminal n. 三叉神经脊束核

28. General somatic afferent nuclei
Nucleus
Site
Cranial n.
Function
Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal n.
Midbrain Ⅴ
Proprioception of head
Pontine nucleus of trigeminal n.
Pons
Tactile(touch) sensation of head
Spinal nucleus of trigeminal n.
Medulla
Pain and temperature sense of head

29. Special somatic afferent nuclei 特殊躯体感觉核
Cranial nerve nuclei 脑神经核
Special somatic afferent nuclei 特殊躯体感觉核
Cochlear nuclei
蜗神经核
Ventral cochlear nucleus
蜗神经腹侧核
Drsal cochlear nucleus
蜗神经背侧核
Vestibular nuclei
前庭神经核

30. Special somatic afferent nuclei
Nucleus
Site
Cranial n.
Function
Cochlear nuclei
Pons and medulla Ⅷ
Sensation of
hearing
Vestibular nuclei
Sensation of equilibrium

31. non- Cranial nerve nuclei 非脑神经核
■ In medulla oblongata
Gracile nucleus 薄束核
Cuneate nucleus 楔束核
Inferior olivary nucleus
下橄榄核
■ In pons
Pontine nucleus脑桥核

32. non- Cranial nerve nuclei 非脑神经核
■ in midbrain
inferior colliculus 下丘
Gray matter layers of superior colliculus
上丘灰质
Red nucleus红核
Substantia nigra黑质

33. Non- Cranial nerve nuclei
Nucleus
position
Gracile nucleus
Medulla (underneath gracile tubercle)
Cuneate nucleus
Medulla (underneath cuneate tubercle)
Pontine nucleus
Pons
Nucleus of inferior colliculus
Midbrain
Inferior colliculus superior colliculus
Red nucleus
Substantia nigra

34. White matter Ascending tracts Descending tracts Medial lemniscus 内侧丘系
Spinal lemniscus 脊髓丘系
Trigeminal lemniscus 三叉丘系
Lateral lemniscus 外侧丘系
Descending tracts
Pyramidal tract 锥体束
Corticospinal tract 皮质脊髓束
Corticonuclear tract 皮质核束

35. White matter — ascending tracts
Medial lemniscus
内侧丘系
decussation of medial lemniscus 内侧丘系交叉

36. White matter — ascending tracts
Spinal lemniscus
脊髓丘系

37. White matter — ascending tracts
Trigeminal lemniscus
三叉丘系

38. White matter — ascending tracts
Lateral lemniscus
外侧丘系

39. White matter — descending tracts
Pyramidal tract 锥体束
Corticospinal tract
皮质脊髓束
Corticonuclear tract
皮质核束

40. Corticonuclear tract
皮质核束

41. White matter — descending tracts
Others:
rubrospinal tract
红核脊髓束
tectospinal tract
顶盖脊髓束
vestibulospinal tract
前庭脊髓束
reticulospinal tract
网状脊髓束

42. Reticular formation of brain stem 脑干网状结构
The reticular formation is recognized as the extensive area outside the more conspicuous fiber bundles and nuclei of the brain stem, in which the grey were intermingled with whiter matter. Its major function may sum up as follows:

43. Reticular formation of brain stem
■ Ascending reticular activating system 上行网状激动系统
maintenance of the conscious state
of cerebral cortex. 维持大脑觉醒状态
■ somatomotor control
调节躯体运动:
reticulospinal tract
■ Viscceromotor control---vital centres 生命中枢
Cardiovascular center and respiratory center in medulla oblongata.

44. The transverse section of brain stem----
Medulla oblongata
Lower part (closed part)
Two decussations–
Decussations of medial lemniscus 内侧丘系交叉
Decussations of pyramid 锥体交叉

45. The transverse section of brain stem----
Medulla oblongata
Upper part (open part)
inferior olivary nuculeus and inferior cerebellar peduncle
Enlargement of central canal to form the fourth ventricle floor
Tracts: pyramidal tracy
medial lemniscus
inferior cerebellar peduncle
Nuclei:
nucleus of hypoglossal n.
dorsal nucleus of vagus n.
nucleus ambiguus.
solitary nucleus,
spinal nucleus of trigeminal n.

46. The transverse section of brain stem----
pons
■ Tegmentum of pons背盖部
■ Basilar part基底部
longitudinal fibers(pyramidal tract)
transverse fibers arised from the pontine nuclei.
Middle cerebellar peduncle 小脑中脚
contains a number of new cranial nerve nuclei ,Such as :
nucleus of abducent n.
nucleus of facial n.
vestibular nuclei ,
spinal nucleus of trigeminal n.

47. The transverse section of brain stem----
midbrain
■ tectum of midbrain中脑顶盖
■ Cerebral peduncle大脑脚：
includes superior and inferior
colliculi
may be divided into 3 parts
● Tegmentum 被盖:
Ascending tracts:
medial lemniscus,
spinal lemniscus,
trigeminal lemniscus.
nuclei:
red nucleus, nucleus of oculomotor n. and troclear n.

48. The transverse section of brain stem----
midbrain
■ Cerebral peduncle大脑脚
● Tegmentum 被盖
● Substentia nigra 黑质
● Crus cerebri 大脑脚底:
frontopontine Tract 额桥束,
pyramidal tract,
tempo-occipito-pontine
tract 颞枕桥束

50. Lateral corticospinal tract
Anterior corticospinal tract

51. superior cerebellar peduncle
its fibres arises from the cerebellum, and passes to the opposite thalamus and the opposite red nucleus of the midbrain.

55. Dorsal cochlear nuclei
Ventral cochlear nuclei