1. The brainstem

2. The brain
Telencephalon 端脑
Diencephalon间脑
Cerebellum 小脑
Brain stem 脑干

3. The brain stem
Consists of
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

4. Medulla oblongata延髓 Ventral surface
Pyramid锥体: contain pyramidal tract (corticospinal tract)
Decussation of pyramid锥体交叉: formed by crossing fibers of corticospinal tract
Olive橄榄: produced by underlying inferior olivary nucleus
Anterolateral sulcus前外侧沟: rootlets of hypoglossal nerve emerge from it
Retroolivary sulcus橄榄后沟: rootlets of glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves emerge from it

5. Medulla oblongata Dorsal surface Lower portion
Gracile tubercle
produced by underlying gracile nucleus
Cuneate tubercle
marks the site of cuneate nucleus
Inferior cerebellar peduncle Obex Upper portion: forms the lower half of rhomboid fossa

6. Pons 脑桥 Ventral surface Basilar part 基底部 Basilar sulcus 基底沟
Bulbopontine sulcus 延髓脑桥沟: from medial to lateral, the abducent, facial and vestibulocochlear nerves appear
Middle cerebellar peduncle 小脑中脚
Trigeminal nerve 三叉神经
Pontocerebellar trigone 脑桥小脑三角: the junction of medulla, pons and cerebellum

7. Pons Dorsal surface Superior cerebellar peduncle
Superior medullary velum
Trochlear nerve

8. Midbrain 中脑 Ventral surface Crus cerebri 大脑脚底
Interpeduncular fossa 脚间窝 oculomotor nerves emerge from medial of crus cerebri
Posterior perforated substance 后穿质

9. Midbrain中脑 Dorsal surface
Superior colliculus constitute centers for visual reflexes
Inferior colliculus associated with auditory pathway
Brachium of superior colliculi
Brachium of inferior colliculi

10. Fourth ventricle 第四脑室 Position
Central canal →fourth ventricle →mesencephalic aqueduct→third ventricle
Position
Situated ventral to cerebellum, and dorsal to pons and cranial half of medulla

11. Boundaries
Inferolateral: gracile and cuneate tubercles, inferior cerebellar peduncle
Superolateral: superior cerebellar peduncle
Lateral recess

12. Features Median sulcus 正中沟 Sulcus limitans 界沟
Vestibular area前庭区 overlies vestibular nuclei
Acoustic tubercle听结节overlying dorsal cochlear nucleus
Medial eminence 内侧隆起
Striae medullares 髓纹

13. Facial colliculus
: overlies nucleus of abducent n. and genu of facial nerve
Hypoglossal triangle : verlying hypoglossal nucleus
Vagal triangle: overlies dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
Funiculus separans
Area postrema
Locus ceruleus

14. Roof
Anterior part: formed by superior cerebellar peduncle and superior medullary velum
Posterior part: formed by inferior medullary velum and choroid plexus of fourth ventricle
Three apertures
Median aperture of fourth ventricle 第四脑室正中孔
Two lateral apertures of fourth ventricle 第四脑室外侧孔

15. Tela choroidea and choroid plexus

16. Internal structures
Gray matter
Cranial nerve nuclei
Relay nuclei

17. General somatic motor nuclei 一般躯体运动核
Nucleus of oculomotor n.
Nucleus of trochlear n.
Nucleus of abducent n. Nucleus of hypoglossal n.

18. General somatic motor nuclei
Nucleus
Site
Cranial n.
Function
Nucleus of
Oculomotor n.
Midbrain Ⅲ
Supreior, inferior,and medial recti, inf. obliquus, levator palpebrae superioris
trochlear n. Ⅳ
Superior obliquus
Nucleus of abducent n.
Pons Ⅵ
Lateral rectus
Nucleus of hypoglossal n.
Medulla Ⅻ
Muscles of tongue

19. Special visceral motor nuclei
Motor nucleus of trigeminal n
Nucleus of facial n.
Nucleus ambiguus
Accessory nucleus

20. Special visceral motor nuclei
Nucleus
Site
Cranial n.
Function
Motor nucleus of trigeminal n.
Pons Ⅴ
Masticatory muscles
Nucleus of facial n. Ⅶ
Facial m., platysma, posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius
Nucleus ambiguus
Medulla
Ⅸ,Ⅹ.Ⅺ
Skeletal m. of pharynx, larynx and upper part of esophagus
Accessory nucleus
Medulla-cervical cord Ⅺ
Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius

21. General visceral motor nuclei 一般内脏运动核
Accessory oculomotor nucleus 动眼神经副核
Superior salivatory nucleus 上泌涎核
Inferior salivertory nucleus 下泌涎核
Dorsal nucleus of vagus n. 迷走神经背核

22. General visceral motor nuclei
Nucleus
Site
Cranial n.
Function
Accessory oculomotor nucleus
Midbrain Ⅲ
Sphincter pupillae and ciliary m.
Superior salivatory nucleus
Pons Ⅶ
Submandibular, sublingual and lacrimal glands
Inferior salivertory nucleus
Medulla Ⅸ
Parotid gland
Dorsal nucleus of vagus n.
medulla Ⅹ
Many cervical, thoracic and abdominal viscera

23. Visceral sensory nuclei ( general and special )
Nucleus of solitary tract 孤束核

24. Visceral sensory nuclei ( general and special )
Nucleus
Site
Cranial n.
Function
Nucleus of solitary tract
Medulla
Ⅶ,Ⅸ,Ⅹ
Taste and visceral sensation

25. General somatic sensory nuclei
Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal n. 三叉神经中脑核
Pontine nucleus of trigeminal n 三叉神经脑桥核
Spinal nucleus of trigeminal n 三叉神经脊束核

26. General somatic sensory nuclei
Nucleus
Site
Cranial n.
Function
Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal n.
Midbrain Ⅴ
Proprioception of head
Pontine nucleus of trigeminal n.
Pons
Tactile sensation of head
Spinal nucleus of trigeminal n.
Medulla
Pain and temperature sense of head

27. Special somatic sensory nuclei
Cochlear nuclei 蜗神经核
Vestibular nuclei 前庭神经核

28. Special somatic sensory nuclei
Nucleus
Site
Cranial n.
Function
Cochlear nuclei
Pons and medulla Ⅷ
Sense of hearing
Vestibular nuclei
Sense of equilibrium

29. Relay nuclei 传导中继核 Gracile nucleus 薄束核 Cuneate nucleus 楔束核
Inferior olivary nucleus 下橄榄核
Superior olivery nucleus 上橄榄核
Pontine nucleus 脑桥核
Nucleus of inferior colliculus下丘核
Gray matter layers of superior colliculus 上丘灰质层
Red nucleus 红核
Substantia nigra 黑质
Pretectal area 顶盖前区

30. Non-cranial nerve nuclei
Nucleus
Site
Gracile nucleus
Medulla (underneath gracile tubercle)
Cuneate nucleus
Medulla (underneath cuneate tubercle)
Superior olivery nucleus
Pons
Pontine nucleus
pons
Nucleus of inferior colliculus
Midbrain
Gray matter layers of superior colliculus
Red nucleus
Substantia nigra
Pretectal area

31. White matter Ascending tracts Medial lemniscus 内侧丘系
Spinal lemniscus脊髓丘系
Trigeminal lemniscus 三叉丘系
Lateral lemniscus外侧丘系

32. Medial lemniscus
内侧丘系

33. Spinal lemniscus
脊髓丘系

34. Trigeminal lemniscus
三叉丘系

35. Descending tracts Corticospinal tract 皮质脊髓束 Rubrospinal tract 红核脊髓束
Tectospinal tract 顶盖脊髓束
Vestibulospinal tract 前庭脊髓束
Reticulospinal tract 网状脊髓束

36. Lateral lemniscus
外侧丘系

37. Reticular formation of brain stem
Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) 上行网状激动系统
Motor central and vital centres
Reticulospinal tract
Cardiovascular center and respiratory center
Serotonergic rapheal nuclei

38. The characters of internal structure of brain stem

39. Medulla oblongata Lower part (closed part) Two decussations–
Decussations of medial lemniscus
Decussations of pyramid

40. Medulla oblongata Upper part (open part)
Appearance of inferior olivary nuculeus and inferior cerebellar peduncle
Enlargement of central canal to form the fourth ventricle floor

41. Pons
Tegmentum of pons 脑桥被盖directed upward continuation of medulla oblongata
Basilar part 基底部
contain both longitudinal and transverse fibers intermixed with pontine nuclei

42. Midbrain
Rectum of midbrain中脑顶盖: includes superior and inferior colliculi
Cerebral peduncle 大脑脚
Tegmentum 被盖:
contain ascending tracts, central gray matter, recticular formation and so on
Substentia nigra 黑质
Crus cerebri 大脑脚底:
Pyramidal tract锥体束－ middle three-fifths of the crus:
Frontopontine tract额桥束 medial one-fifth:
pariatotempopontine tract 顶颞桥束lateral one-fifth