1. Four Perspectives on Educational Technology By: Tammy Kempf, Cindy Listowski, and Donnalee Washburn

2. Media and AV communications  Audiovisual- ways to deliver information without lectures or books.  In 1930s, educators began to believe that media delivered information in more concrete and informative ways.  Concerned with devices that carry messages and the applications of these devices in instructional situations.  Focus on media educators and media associations.  Impact on instructional use of telecommunications and computer/information systems.

3. Instructional Systems  Belief that teachers and media could be part of a system for addressing an instructional need.  A systematic approach to designing, developing, and delivering instruction, matched to carefully defined needs.  International Society for Performance Improvement (ISPI)-concerned with creating and validating instructional systems in order to improve productivity and competence in the workplace.

4. Vocational Training Tools  Need technology to enhance training in specific job skills, i.e. business and industry.  Prepare students for the work world, i.e. word processing skills.  Can be integrated into all subject areas.  Includes other topics, such as robotics, manufacturing systems, and computer- assisted design systems.  International Technology Education Association-ITEA)- helped shape a major paradigm shift in vocational training in K-12 schools.

5. Computers and Computer Based Systems  Educational computing includes both instructional and support applications of computers.  Computers are a part of a combination of technology resources, including media, instructional systems, and computer based support systems.  International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE)- is currently the influential force leading the movement for technology skill standards for teachers and students.