1. Biology 30
The Nervous System
Chapter 11 and 12
Intro Animation

2. In the Biology 20 course, you studied some of the major body systems in the context of achieving homeostasis.
Homeostasis: the process by which a constant internal environment is maintained despite changes in the environment.
Examples?
The current unit builds on that knowledge by investigating the control mechanisms that keep all of these systems working together in balance.

3. The Nervous & Endocrine System
Though many organ systems play a role in regulating the body, the two main systems are the endocrine system and the nervous system.
The endocrine and the nervous system sometimes determine how other systems do their jobs.
Endocrine System: hormones
Nervous System: electrical messages

4. The Nervous System -an elaborate communication system that contains
more than 100 billion nerve cells in brain alone
-monitors the internal and external environment,
integrates all of these inputs, and orchestrates a
coordinated response to any changes.
For Example:
nerve cells detect external environmental stimuli
(smells, light intensity, pressure, etc.) and relays
the information to the brain.
internal nerve cells also tell the brain about breathing
rate, heart rate, blood pressure
-if environmental conditions change, the nervous
system quickly lets the body adjust to those
changes
-complex nerve connections in the brain allow us to
think, reason, remember, show various emotions, etc.

6. Central Nervous System-
See p. 367
Central Nervous System-
Peripheral Nervous System-
Somatic Nervous System:
Autonomic Nervous System:

7. Nervous System Function
• to maintain homeostasis • it controls all of the bodies activities • 3 major functions: 1. Sensory input – moves signals form our various sense organs to the brain 2. Integration – interpretation of those signals and the formation of an appropriate response. 3. Motor output – conduction of signals to the body’s muscles and glands

8. Neuron Types 3 Types of Neurons
Caption: Wearable computing. Male researcher using the prototype fingernail touch sensor he has developed. This affective computer detects each touch of the finger by the change it causes in the colour of the blood capillaries below the nail. Such a system could be used for buttonless controls, for example for a computer. By resting on the fingernails, the sensors do not interfere with the natural sense of touch. Affective computers provide feedback about the wearer's physical state or behaviour. This sensor was created at the Media Lab of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA.
3 Types of Neurons
1. Sensory neurons : Carry information from the environment to the CNS for processing (ex. Eyes responding to light).
2. Interneurons : Link or connect neurons together in the CNS. They carry impulses within the CNS (found predominantly in the brain and spinal cord). They interpret the sensory information and connect neurons to outgoing motor neurons.
3. Motor neurons : Carry information from the CNS to the body effectors (muscles and glands because they are what cause things to happen)

10. Anatomy of a Nerve Cell 2 Types of cells found in the nervous system:
Neurons and Glial Cells
Neuron (nerve cell) - the fundamental structural unit of the nervous system that enables us to receive information, process it, and produce action.
a “bundle” of neurons forms a nerve
Glial cells - (“glue”) are non-conducting cells that help the neurons out, tying them together and providing support (nourish and remove wastes).
Largest concentration found in the brain

11. Nerves are composed of neurons
Individual neurons
Nerve

12. Neuron Structure
dendrites - the branching structure of a neuron that receives messages (attached to the cell body)
axon - the long extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the body of the cell.
axon terminals - the hair-like ends of the axon
cell body - the cell body of the neuron; it contains the nucleus (also called the soma)
myelin sheath - the fatty substance that surrounds and protects some nerve fibers made up of many cells
Node of Ranvier - one of the many gaps in the myelin sheath - this is where the action potential occurs during saltatory conduction along the axon
Schwann's cells - cells that produce myelin - they are located within the myelin sheath.

13. The Basic Neuron
The 3 basic parts to a neuron: cell body, axon, and dendrites.

18. Glial Cells

19. Myelin Sheath -a white fatty, protein covering on the axon
-formed by special glial cells called Schwann cells
-acts as insulation for neurons to prevent loss of charged ions from the nerve cell
-in between parts of the myelin sheath are nodes of Ranvier
-nerve impulses “jump” from node to node, speeding up nerve impulse
Transmission; therefore, nerve impulses move faster along a myelinated nerve.

20. Myelinated vs. Unmyelinated Nerve transmission

21. Types of Nerves 1. Myelinated Nerves are covered with a myelin sheath
make up the white matter of the brain and spinal cord
the myelinated neurons located outside the central nervous system are covered with a membrane called a neurilemma
the neurilemma promotes regeneration of damaged axons or dendrites
2. Unmyelinated Nerves
have no myelin sheath
make up the grey matter in the brain and spinal cord
Lack neurilemma resulting in permanent damage

22. Multiple Sclerosis
An auto-immune disease in which the immune system attacks
and destroys the myelin sheath around surrounding axons.
Results in a progressive loss of signal, muscle control, and brain
Function
What it is like to have MS

23. The Reflex Arc Reflex arc- a neural pathway
through the spinal cord that
provides the framework for a
reflex action
(an involuntary, unconscious action)
A reflex arc does not require
coordination by the brain
Contains 5 essential components:
--Stimulus
1. the sensory receptor
2. the sensory neuron
3. the interneuron
4. the motor neuron
5. the effector (muscle or gland etc)
--Response

24. Draw Reflex arc
When the patellar tendon is tapped, (1)sensory neurons detect the stretching and send a signal (2) to the CNS (in this case, the spinal cord).
The information goes to a motor neuron (3) and to an interneuron (4).
The motor neuron stimulates the contraction of the quadriceps muscle which extends the leg, while the interneuron sends an inhibitory signal to the flexor muscle.
Reflexes are a protective mechanism for the body

25. Examples of Reflexes 1. Knee jerk
2. Pupillary – a light shone in one eye sends a nerve impulse to the CNS (brain
in this case). A connection is made with interneurons and then motor neurons,
one going to each eye. The motor neurons stimulate the pupillary muscles to
contract, and the pupils get smaller.

26. Reflexes
In general the following characteristics are used to describe reflex actions. They are:
involuntary – mostly unaware of them until after the brain has registered what has occurred
purposeful and adaptive – most are essential to our survival
predictable – a specific given stimulus will continue to produce the same result
have a measurable reaction time – although extremely quick, do not occur instantaneously
The more complex the reaction, the longer the reaction time
Physiological conditions can affect reaction time (fatigue, drugs)
Occur more rapidly in different people

27. Check Your Understanding
Differentiate between the PNS and the CNS.
Describe the function of the following parts of a neuron: dendrites, myelin sheath, Schwann cells, cell body, and axon.
What is the relationship between the speed of a nerve impulse and the size of the axon along which it travels?
What is the difference between gray and white matter?
Name the essential components of a reflex arc and the function of each.
What are the nodes of Ranvier?
What the benefit of having an axon covered by neurillemma?