1. Classification Kingdoms, Bacteria, Viruses
Mrs. Lambert’s Biology

2. Alabama High School Graduation Exam Standards
Differentiate between the previous five-kingdom and the current six-kingdom classification systems.
Sequence taxa from most inclusive to least inclusive in the classification of living things
Identifying organisms using a dichotomous key
Identifying ways in which organisms from the Eubacteria, Protista, and Fungi Kingdoms are beneficial and harmful.

3. Understanding Classification
How are organisms classified?

4. Carlos Linnaeus-1700’s
Developed a system of binomial nomenclature to classify organisms.
Binomial classification– each organism has a two-part scientific name.
Genus – a small group to which the organism belongs.
Species – a Latin description of a specific characteristic of the organism.

5. How the name of the organism is written:
The entire name of the organism is written in italics.
The genus name is capitalized.
The species name is not.
Example: Homo sapiens is the scientific name for man.

6. After Linnaeus named the organisms, he placed them into groups with common characteristics – each group is a taxon.
Taxonomy – the science of naming organisms and placing them in groups.

7. Organisms are classified into categories, from largest (most general) to smallest (most specific).
DomainKingdomPhylumClass
OrderFamilyGenusSpecies
Dear King Phillip Came Over For Green Spaghetti!

8. Classification of living things
So what’s the point?? Why have these crazy, long names for animals?
The names are universal in the science realm. No matter what language you speak that floppy eared, slobbery, “furry thing” that claims to be “man’s best friend” will always be known as…..
Canis domesticus!! (or in English it is Dog!!)
Do you know what Canis lupus stands for??
A wolf!
All organisms are classified based on common characteristics.

9. 3 Domains which are subdivided into into 6 Kingdoms
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

10. KingdomPhylumClassOrder FamilyGenusSpecies
Kingdoms are divided into Phyla (phylum=plural)
Phyla are divided into classes.
Classes are divided into orders.
Orders are divided into families.
Families are divided into genus. (genus=plural)
A genus is divided into species.
Species:
The smallest, most specific taxon.
Members breed with each other and produce fertile offspring.
The scientific name of all organisms is the Genus + species names. Ex. Felis catus = house cat

12. KingdomPhylumClassOrder FamilyGenusSpecies
There are 6 Kingdoms
The OLD Monera Kingdom has been divided into two separate ones: Eubacteria and Archaea

13. Once upon a time….
Once upon a time there lived a bunch of unicellular prokaryotes called bacteria whom, in the 1700’s, was united by King Carlous Linnaeus, under a kingdom called Monera.

14. Kingdom Monera They lived happily together until
1970’s when a new leader discovered that all of the bacteria weren’t the same after all!!

15. The oldest group A
said they are the FIRST organisms to exist on Earth, and that they were FAR SUPERIOR to that other group for they could tough out the harshest of environments!!
They called themselves the ancients.

16. The larger group B…
Disagreed and said that the ancients are not true bacteria after all and they weren’t allowed to socialize with them!
The second group referred to themselves as the “true bacteria”.

17. The Moneran War
They had a great war, both claiming to be the head of the kingdom.
It finally ended in a stalemate and both groups split up into separate Kingdoms.

18. The Moneran War “The break-up”

19. The Moneran War Ended
The ancients called their kingdom “Archaea” meaning “ancient bacteria.” These prokaryotes were among the earliest organisms on Earth. They can live in the harshest of environments, tougher than any of the other bacteria.
The “true bacteria” called themselves Eubacteria to distinguish themselves from the Archaea, which they no longer considered to be bacteria.

21. 1st Kingdom: Archaea Cell Type: Prokaryotes: lacks nucleus/organelles
Body plan: Unicellular
Nutrition:
Heterotophic (cannot make its own food) RARE
Autotrophic (Can make its own food) by making food using chemicals called, chemosynthesis
The ancients can not undergo Photosynthesis (using light)
Cell walls: are NOT fortified with peptidoglycans; (not rigid)
Unique to the ancients: can withstand the harshest environments and is determined to be the “first” cells that evolved.

22. 2nd Kingdom: Eubacteria
Cell Type: Prokaryotes: lacks nucleus/organelles
Body plan: Unicellular
Nutrition:
Heterotrophic (cannot make its own food) RARE
Autotrophic (Can make its own food) by making food using chemicals called, chemosynthesis or through Photosynthesis (using light)
Cell Wall: Cell walls fortified with peptidoglycans which makes the cell walls rigid!

23. 3rd Kingdom: Protista
Cell Type: mainly eukaryotic (have nucleus and organelles)
Body plan: Mostly Unicellular; (multicellular forms lack tissue organization.)
Nutrition:
Plant-like Protists: Autotrophic -Can make its own food by Photosynthesis (using light)
Animal-like protists: Heterotophic eats other protists by phagocytosis (engulfs food)
Fungal like protists: heterotrophic
Cell Surface:
Plant Like Protists: Have cell walls fortified by cellulose
Animal like protists: have cell membranes

24. 4th Kingdom: Fungi Cell Type: Eukaryotic
Body plan: Unicellular and Multicellular
Nutrition:
Heterotophic: secretes digestive enzymes into it’s environment
Cell Surface:
Cell walls (fortified with chitin) and
Cell membranes

25. 5th Kingdom: Plantae Cell Type: Eukaryotic
Body plan: Multicellular; develop from embryos
Nutrition:
Autotrophic by photosynthesis
Cell Surface:
Cell walls (fortified with cellulose)
Cell membranes

26. 6th Kingdom: Animalia Cell Type: Eukaryotic
Body plan: Multicellular (develop from embryos)
Nutrition:
Heterotrophic: eats food
Cell Surface:
No cell walls!
Cell membranes

27. Now lets take a closer
look at Bacteria…

28. Bacteria Currently, Bacteria are divided into two different Kingdoms.
Bacteria are prokaryotes.
(Review: Prokaryotes-lack a true nucleus, have a singular circular strand of DNA, no membrane bound organelles, and is unicellular!)
Eukaryotes- have a nucleus, have linear chromosomes as DNA, have many membrane bound organelles, are complex in structure and function, and is usually part of an organism with many cells!)
Currently, Bacteria are divided into two different Kingdoms.
In the old system of five kingdoms, all bacteria belonged to kingdom Monera.

29. Archaebacteria Smaller group. Primitive.
No peptidoglycan in cell wall.
Many live in harsh environments.

30. Eubacteria Cell wall surrounds cell membrane.
Cell wall contains peptidoglycan.
Largest group of bacteria.
Can undergo both photosynthesis and chemosynthesis

31. Prokaryotes are identified by the following characteristics:
Shape
Cell wall
Movement
How they use energy
rRNA (ribosomal RNA sequence)

32. Shape Bacilli – rod-shaped bacteria. Cocci – round bacteria.
Spirilla – spiral bacteria.

34. Movement

35. Some bacteria have one or more tail like flagella to aid in movement.

36. Others may tumble a little or not be capable of movement and relies on things like the blood stream, etc.

37. How bacteria use energy:
Autotrophs – bacteria that make their own food.
Photoautotrophs – use the sun.
Chemoautotrophs – use chemicals.
Heterotrophs – get their food from organic compounds.

38. How do bacteria grow and reproduce?
Binary fission – bacteria replicates DNA and splits into two daughter cells.
(This is like the process of mitosis)

40. Bacteria “SEX” = Bacteria Conjugation
Conjugation – two bacteria form tube between them and exchange DNA.
Happens during times of stress. Ex. When exposed to antibiotics
Exchanging DNA increases chances of survival.

41. Bacteria Conjugation

42. SURVIVAL TACTICS! Spore Formation
ENDOSPORE: Formation of thick wall allows bacteria to lie dormant during unfavorable conditions.
Some spores can survive
2 hours of boiling!

43. GOOD BACTERIA!!

44. Bacteria are important to the environment:
Producers – some bacteria act as a producer to produce food for organisms
Decomposers – recycle nutrients by breaking down dead organisms. (Very important!!!)

45. Benefits of Bacteria
Nitrogen fixation – bacteria convert nitrogen in the soil into a form that plants can use.

46. GOT GAS? Why do you have gas after eating beans?
The bacteria in your intestines help you digest chemicals in beans. When they do this, they release a gas and it exits the body at inconvenient times….

47. Commercial uses of bacteria:
Cheese
Yogurt
Buttermilk
Sour Cream

48. BAD, BAD Bacteria!

49. Bacteria cause disease in two ways:
1st: They break down the tissues of the host organism
Eats your organs for food!! Yum! Yum!
Ex. Causes tuberculosis in the lungs

50. Bacteria cause disease- 2nd Way
2. They release toxins that damage the body. Example: eating raw, contaminated food and get food poisoning

51. Control of bacteria:
Treatment: Antibiotics – drugs that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria.
Sterilization – destruction of bacteria with heat or chemicals.
Disinfectants – use chemicals to kill bacteria.
Proper cooking – destroys bacteria.
Refrigeration – slows the growth of bacteria.

52. Understanding
Viruses

53. Viruses Not considered “living” because it cannot reproduce on its own
What is it? It is just DNA or RNA wrapped up in a protein coat.
Once inside, they use the machinery of the infected cell to produce more viruses.

54. Structure of a Virus
Capsid – protein coat that surrounds core of DNA or RNA.
The capsid attaches to the surface of the host cell and tricks the cell into letting it inside.
Usually viruses only infect specific organisms; rabies virus only infects mammals and some birds.

55. T-4 bacteriophage virus

56. Capsid of polio virus

57. Capsid – Herpes virus

58. Capsid - HIV

60. Two types of viral infections:
Lytic infection – the virus enters a cell and makes copies of itself, causing the cell to burst.

62. Lysogenic infection – the virus adds its DNA to the DNA of the host cell, and both are copied. The host cell is not destroyed right away.

64. Viruses come in a variety of shapes – rods, tadpoles, helices, cubes.
A virus is a parasite – it depends on a living cell for its existence, harming or destroying the host cell.

66. Are viruses alive?
Most scientists believe they are not alive, because they cannot reproduce without another living cell.

67. Viruses and Disease
Viral diseases include smallpox, polio, measles, AIDS, flu, rabies and the common cold.
As the virus reproduces, it destroys the cells that it infects, causing the symptoms of the disease.

68. Prevention is the best way to battle viral diseases.
A vaccine is a weakened or dead form of a virus that stimulates the immune system to prevent the infection.

70. Once a viral infection begins, there is little that medicine can do to stop the disease.
Antibiotics are not effective against viruses.