1. Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division

2. Vocabulary  Word Sort

3. Largest Cell?

4. Giant Squid – Nerve Cells Up to 36 Feet!

5. Section 10-1 Cell Growth What problems does growth cause for cells? I.Limits to cell growth 1.Why do cells divide rather than continue to grow indefinitely? 2.DNA Overload 3.Exchanging Materials

6. Section 10-1 Cell Growth What problems does growth cause for cells? I. Limits to cell growth 1. Why do cells divide rather than continue to grow indefinitely? a. The ___________ the cell is the more demands are placed on the cell’s _____ b. Its more difficult to move enough ____________ and ___________ across the cell membrane larger wastes nutrients DNA

7. Section 10-1 Cell Growth What problems does growth cause for cells? I. Limits to cell growth 2. “DNA Overload”: a.DNA controls_______________ ; found in nucleus of eukaryotes b. DNA meets the needs of the cell when the cell is_________, however as the cell increases in size, the DNA cannot meet its needs anymore  “_____________” Cell function small Information Crisis

8. I. Limits to cell growth 3. Exchanging Materials: a. ________, _________, and _______ enter a cell through its cell membrane. b. _____________ leave the same way. c. Rate of this exchange depends on the surface area to volume ratio Foodoxygenwater Waste Products Section 10-1 Cell Growth What problems does growth cause for cells?

9. II. Surface Area to Volume Ratio 1. To obtain the ratio of surface area to volume, __________ the surface area by the volume. divide Section 10-1 Cell Growth What problems does growth cause for cells?

10. Cell Sizes Ratio of surface area to volume Volume Lengthxwidthxheight Surface Area lengthxwidthx6 6 cm 2 1 cm 3 2:1 3:1 6:1 27cm 3 8 cm 3 54 cm 2 24 cm 2

11. II. Surface Area to Volume Ratio Notice that volume _________ much more rapidly than surface area. This causes the ______________________ _________________, which is a serious problem for the cell. As cells get _________ it makes it more difficult to get sufficient amounts of oxygen and nutrients in and waste products out. increases surface area to volume Too large ratio to decrease Section 10-1 Cell Growth What problems does growth cause for cells?

12. Question: How does an organism get bigger if the cells that it is made of do not get larger? Answer: _____________________ It grows more cells. Section 10-1 Cell Growth What problems does growth cause for cells?

13. III. Division of the Cell 1. Before the cell gets too large it divides into two “_________” cells daughter Section 10-1 Cell Growth What problems does growth cause for cells?

14. III. Division of the Cell 2. The process is called ___________________. Cell division solves the problem of cells getting too large by _______________ while __________________ (more small cells instead of one large cell) Cell division Increasing size reducing volume Section 10-1 Cell Growth What problems does growth cause for cells?

15. III. Division of the Cell 3. Before cell division, the cell ____________, or copies, its entire DNA. This solves the problem of ___________________ because each daughter cell gets a complete set of __________ information replicates information storage genetic

16. III. Division of the Cell 4. Each cell has an increase in ratio of surface area to volume that allows for more efficient __________________ with the environment. exchange of materials Section 10-1 Cell Growth What problems does growth cause for cells?

17. IQ # 1 10.1-10.2 1.Why is it advantageous to have smaller cells as opposed to larger cells? 2.Explain “DNA Overload”? 3.Draw a chromosome and label its parts. 4.Define Mitosis. What is the difference between Mitosis and Cell Division?

18. Agenda IQ # 1 & Check Homework Lecture and Discussion 10.2 Overhead Drawings Homework – 10.1 Section Assessment

19. 10-2 Cell Division What are the main events of the cell cycle? What are the phases of mitosis? All cell division must involve the replication of DNA before cell division so the genetic information can be transferred to the daughter cells. In Prokaryotes the rest of cell division is simply to __________________. In Eukaryotes the division is more complex it occurs in two stages: a. Mitosis: ________________________ b. ______________: division of the cytoplasm WHY ARE THEY DIFFERENT? divide the contents division of the nucleus Cytokinesis

20. Unicellular organisms use mitosis and cytokinesis to ________________. This is a type of _______________ reproduction producing two identical daughter cells from ______ identical parent cell. one asexual reproduce 10-2 Cell Division What are the main events of the cell cycle? What are the phases of mitosis?

21. Multicellular organisms use mitosis and cytokinesis to _________________________ ____________________________ 10-2 Cell Division What are the main events of the cell cycle? What are the phases of mitosis? add new cells to the organism for growth and development

22. I. Chromosomes 1. Chromosomes are composed are ______ and __________ (histones) and carry the genetic information in eukaryotic cells. a. Each species of organism has a _________ ________ of chromosomes. 1. Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit Fly) has ___ chromosomes 2. Humans have ____ chromosomes DNA proteins specific number 8 46 10-2 Cell Division What are the main events of the cell cycle? What are the phases of mitosis?

24. I. Chromosomes b. Chromosome are ___________ except during cell division. (known as ___________ when not dividing) Not visible chromatin

25. I. Chromosomes c. Replication (copying) of the DNA occurred _______________________ therefore every chromosome is actually two identical “______” chromatids before cell division sister 10-2 Cell Division What are the main events of the cell cycle? What are the phases of mitosis?

27. I. Chromosomes d. P air of chromatids connected to each other ___________, usually located near the center of the chromosome. centromere 10-2 Cell Division What are the main events of the cell cycle? What are the phases of mitosis?

29. centromere Sister chromatids http://www.biostudio.com/demo_freeman_dna_coiling.htm

30. Chromosome Drawing

31. II. The Cell Cycle 1.Cell Cycle: the series of events the cell goes through as they ________________ separated by periods of “in-between” time called ___________. grow and divide interphase 10-2 Cell Division What are the main events of the cell cycle? What are the phases of mitosis?

32. II. The Cell Cycle 2. During the cell cycle the cell ________, prepares for __________, and divides to form two daughter cells, each of which then __________________________. 3. _______ phases of the cell cycle 10-2 Cell Division What are the main events of the cell cycle? What are the phases of mitosis? grows division begins the cycle again Four

33. III. Events of the Cell Cycle a. G1 phase: __________, increase in size and ______________ new proteins and organelles. b. S phase: chromosome __________ (synthesis) cell growth synthesize replication 10-2 Cell Division What are the main events of the cell cycle? What are the phases of mitosis?

34. III. Events of the Cell Cycle c. G2 phase: shortest of the phases, organelles and molecules required for ___________ are produced. d. M Phase: _________and ____________ G1, S, and G2 are all taking place during ____________ : the phase between divisions. cell division mitosis cytokinesis interphase 10-2 Cell Division What are the main events of the cell cycle? What are the phases of mitosis?

35. Cell Cycle Drawing

36. Agenda Lecture and Discussion 10.2 Overhead Drawings Homework – 10.2 Section Assessment

37. G1 s G2 M-phase

38. I. Mitosis a.The mitotic phase can be sub-divided into four phases ______________, _____________, _____________ and _____________ (PMAT). prophase telophase metaphase anaphase 10-2 Cell Division What are the main events of the cell cycle? What are the phases of mitosis?

39. I. Mitosis b. Mitosis is strictly _____________ division. Difference between Cell Division and Mitosis? c. Mitosis is followed by cytoplasmic division, or ___________, to complete cell division nuclear cytokinesis 10-2 Cell Division What are the main events of the cell cycle? What are the phases of mitosis?

40. I. Mitosis d. Mitosis results in two “daughter cells”, which are ________ to each other, and is used for growth and asexual reproduction. identical

41. 10-2 Cell Division What are the main events of the cell cycle? What are the phases of mitosis? I. Mitosis e. The growth and synthesis phases are collectively called _________ (i.e. in between cell division). Interphase

42. 10-2 Cell Division What are the main events of the cell cycle? What are the phases of mitosis? I. Mitosis f. The only source of genetic variation in the cells is via __________. How do mutations form? mutations

43. Interphase Stage between division  This is when the cell is not dividing, but is carrying out its ____________________.  Chromatin _____ visible  _____, histones and centrioles all replicated  Replication of ______________ e.g. mitochondria, occurs in the cytoplasm.  G1, S and G2 phases are occurring normal cellular functions is not DNA cell organelles 10-2 Cell Division What are the main events of the cell cycle? What are the phases of mitosis?

44. Prophase Beginning of mitosis (nuclear division) chromosomes ___________ and become ___________. Due to DNA replication during interphase, each chromosome consists of two identical sister ______________ connected at the ____________ centrioles move to _________ poles of cell (in animal cells) Nucleolus ______________ Spindle fibers (microtubules) begin to form and ___________ to chromosomes near the centromere Phase ends with the breakdown of the _________________ condense visible chromatids centromere opposite disappears attach nuclear envelope 10-2 Cell Division What are the main events of the cell cycle? What are the phases of mitosis?

46. Metaphase (middle)  Spindle fibers (microtubules) connect ______________ to chromosomes  Chromosomes align along ___________of cell. Anaphase chromosome separate  Centromeres _______, allowing sister chromatids to ________________  Chromatids move towards __________ poles, centromeres first, creating a “V” shape centrioles equator split separate opposite 10-2 Cell Division

49. Telophase New nuclei form  Spindle fibers ____________  _________________  form around each set of chromatids  Nucleoli ___________  End of nuclear division disperse Nuclear membrane reform 10-2 Cell Division What are the main events of the cell cycle? What are the phases of mitosis?

51. Asexual reproduction is the production of offspring from a single parent using mitosis. The offspring are therefore genetically identical to each other and to their “parent”- in other words they are clones. Asexual reproduction is very common in nature, and we humans have developed artificial methods. The Latin terms in vivo (“in life”, i.e. in a living organism) and in vitro (“in glass”, i.e. in a test tube) are often used to describe natural and artificial techniques. 10-2 Cell Division What are the main events of the cell cycle? What are the phases of mitosis?

52. Chromosomes Centrioles _______________ (paired chromatids) Nuclear envelope Centrioles Chromosomes Centromere Centrioles Chromatin reforms Individual Spindle Daughter Cells http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter11/animations.html#

54. Animal Cell Division in White Fish Blastula

55. V. Cytokinesis: a. Division of the ________________ b. End of the __________ c. Production of two ______________ daughter cells d. Different in _________ and _________ cells Vesicles containing cell wall material Cell plate forming Cell plateDaughter cells Wall of parent cell Daughter nucleus Cell wallNew cell wall Cleavage furrow Contracting ring of microfilaments Daughter cells cytoplasm Cell cycle identical plants animals 10-2 Cell Division

56. Cytokinesis Cytoplasmic division New daughter cells form  In animal cells a _______________ forms, which splits the cell in two.  In plant cells vesicles move to the equator, line up and fuse to form two membranes called the __________. A new _________ is laid down between the membranes, which fuses with the existing cell wall. cleavage furrow cell plate cell wall 10-2 Cell Division

58. Agenda  Review Quizzes  Review Cancer Project and Answer Questions  Begin 10.3 Lecture  Homework: 10.3 Section Assessment

59. 10-3 Regulating the Cell Cycle Key Concepts: How is the cell cycle regulated? How are cancer cells different from other cells? ______________ organisms control cell growth and division very carefully -way to increase number of cells and size of organism F.Y.I. In different cell types the cell cycle can last from hours to years. For example bacterial cells can divide every 20-30 minutes under suitable conditions, skin cells divide about every 12 hours on average, liver cells every 2 years, brain and muscle cells do not divide. Multicellular

60. This provides the _______________ of cells that ________________________. wear out or are broken down replacement 10-3 Regulating the Cell Cycle Key Concepts: How is the cell cycle regulated? How are cancer cells different from other cells?

61. I.Controls on Cell Division: 1.Cells in a ________________ will continue to divide until they come into ___________ with other cells. 2.Then the cells ________ _____________ 3.Cells are ______________ from the center of the dish. 4.Then the cells _______________ the open space will begin dividing. 5.Until they have _______ the empty space. 6.The controls for cell growth and division can be ___________________. 7. We can see the same thing happen in our __________________. petri dish dividingstop removed bordering filled turned on and off own bodies contact

62. 1. 2. 4. 3. 5. Question: What happens when you cut your finger or break your bone? Answer: The cells bordering the injury will begin dividing to fill in the gap in the tissues that have been torn or broken. This is the process known as healing.

63. II. Cell Cycle Regulators 1. Scientists wondered what ____________cell division. 2. Tim Hunt and Mark Kirschner discovered that cells in mitosis contained a protein that when injected into a cell would cause the formation of spindle fibers. 3. Protein group known as ____________ regulates the cell cycle. 4. They rise and fall in time with the ________. controlled cyclins cell cycle

64. 5. Cyclins _____________ the timing of the cell cycle in __________cells. a. Two main groups of protein regulators 1. Internal Regulators: respond to events __________________. Ex. Make sure cell doesn’t enter mitosis until chromosomes have all replicated 2. External Regulators: respond to events _________________________. Ex. Embryonic growth and healing regulate eukaryotic inside the cell outside the cell

65. III. Uncontrolled Cell Growth A.Cancer 1.Cell Growth is so controlled because when it is not controlled things go very, very______. 2. _________ is a disorder in which some of the body’s own cells lose the ability to control growth. wrong Cancer

66. 3. Cancer cells do not respond to the _____________that regulate the growth of most cells. 4. When cells divide ___________________ they form masses of cells called __________ that can damage the surrounding tissue. 5. Cancer cells can break off and _____________ throughout the body disrupting normal activities and causing serious medical problems or even death. signals uncontrolled spread tumors

67. B. Causes of Cancer 1. Smoking ____________ 2. _____________ exposure 3. ______________ 4.____________ defect in gene p53 C. Cancer is a disease of the __________. tobacco Radiation Viral Infection Genetic cell cycle