1. Both sides now: Party organization & membership: from the top down, from the bottom up

2. Reminder Party system maps due February 12 th Party system maps due February 12 th Bibliographies: if not already submitted by Feb. 19 th Bibliographies: if not already submitted by Feb. 19 th

3. Broader problem: Why party organization? Why party organization? Why do some parties develop more extensive extra- parliamentary organizations? Why do some parties develop more extensive extra- parliamentary organizations? While others content themselves with considerably less? While others content themselves with considerably less? Why do some citizens choose to work through political parties, while others opt for other channels? Why do some citizens choose to work through political parties, while others opt for other channels? Of what use is party membership to citizens? Of what use is party membership to citizens?

4. Why party organization? Extent and kind of party organization depends on Extent and kind of party organization depends on What party leaders want to use it for What party leaders want to use it for The resources available to them The resources available to them Alternative ways to get the same job or tasks done Alternative ways to get the same job or tasks done

5. Uses of organization: Is the intent to Take the public pulse? Take the public pulse? Find out what people think? Find out what people think? Recruit and select candidates? Recruit and select candidates? Get them elected? Get them elected? Determine policy? Determine policy? Shape how members and voters think? Shape how members and voters think? Do you need extensive organization, built up at all levels of the political system to accomplish any or all of these?

6. Alternative approaches Use informal channels & connections Use informal channels & connections Hire political consultants & marketing firms Hire political consultants & marketing firms Engage in capital-intensive election campaigns Engage in capital-intensive election campaigns Rely on the media Rely on the media Mass advertising Mass advertising Bulk mailing…. Bulk mailing….

7. Building and maintaining party organization What does it take to get people to join and remain as members? What does it take to get people to join and remain as members? Does it require? Does it require? Purposive incentives (a voice in policy)? Purposive incentives (a voice in policy)? Solidarity incentives (a sense of belonging)? Solidarity incentives (a sense of belonging)? Material incentives? Material incentives? Benefits for specific groups Benefits for specific groups Opportunities for personal advancement? Opportunities for personal advancement? Opportunities for personal gain Opportunities for personal gain

8. European parties Oldest parties were loose cadre parties Oldest parties were loose cadre parties Next wave: mass parties designed to Next wave: mass parties designed to Socialize membership Socialize membership Select & elect candidates Select & elect candidates ‘Enforce’ policy positions ‘Enforce’ policy positions Problem: Problem: Sustaining mass membership when prospective members have Sustaining mass membership when prospective members have Minimal voice Minimal voice Other things to do Other things to do

9. Canadian parties: Minimalist structures: Small central offices with a few permanent staff Small central offices with a few permanent staff Open, expandable organizations on the ground Open, expandable organizations on the ground Members have voice in candidate & leadership selection Members have voice in candidate & leadership selection Minimal voice on policy Minimal voice on policy Relatively few tasks to accomplish between elections or leadership contests Relatively few tasks to accomplish between elections or leadership contests Result: intermittent & minimalist extra- parliamentary organization Result: intermittent & minimalist extra- parliamentary organization

10. American parties Organized at local, state, and national level Organized at local, state, and national level However introduction of primary elections in many states deprives parties of control over nominations However introduction of primary elections in many states deprives parties of control over nominations Extensive intra-party competition for nominations and determination of party position Extensive intra-party competition for nominations and determination of party position Emergence of National Committees as party organizations in service to candidates. Emergence of National Committees as party organizations in service to candidates. Similar development at state level Similar development at state level