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13 The Peripheral Nervous System: Revised by Dr. Par Mohammadian
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Provides links from and to world outside body All neural structures outside brain Sensory receptors Peripheral nerves and associated ganglia Efferent motor endings
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Figure 13.1 Place of the PNS in the structural organization of the nervous system.
Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Sensory (afferent) division Motor (efferent) division Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system (ANS) Sympathetic division Parasympathetic division
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Structure of a Nerve Cordlike organ of PNS Bundle of myelinated and unmyelinated peripheral axons enclosed by connective tissue
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Connective tissue coverings include
Structure of a Nerve Nerve – cordlike organ of the PNS consisting of peripheral axons enclosed by connective tissue Connective tissue coverings include Endoneurium—loose connective tissue that encloses axons and their myelin sheaths Perineurium—coarse connective tissue that bundles fibers into fascicles Epineurium—tough fibrous sheath around a nerve
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Endoneurium Perineurium Fascicle Epineurium
Figure 13.4a Structure of a nerve. Endoneurium Perineurium Nerve fibers Blood vessel Fascicle Epineurium
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Axon Myelin sheath Endoneurium Perineurium Epineurium Fascicle
Figure 13.4b Structure of a nerve. Axon Myelin sheath Endoneurium Perineurium Epineurium Fascicle Blood vessels
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Classification of Nerves
Most nerves are mixtures of afferent and efferent fibers & somatic & autonomic (visceral) fibers Classified according to direction transmit impulses Mixed nerves – both sensory and motor fibers; impulses both to and from CNS Sensory (afferent) nerves – impulses only toward CNS Motor (efferent) nerves – impulses only away from CNS
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Classification of Nerves
Pure sensory (afferent) or motor (efferent) nerves are rare; most mixed Types of fibers in mixed nerves: Somatic afferent Somatic efferent Visceral afferent Visceral efferent Peripheral nerves classified as cranial or spinal nerves
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"On occasion, our trusty truck acts funny—very good vehicle anyhow"
Cranial Nerves Twelve pairs of nerves associated with brain Two attach to forebrain; rest with brain stem Most mixed nerves; two pairs purely sensory Each numbered (I through XII) and named from rostral to caudal "On occasion, our trusty truck acts funny—very good vehicle anyhow" "Oh once one takes the anatomy final, very good vacations are heavenly"
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Make up your own memory device!
I. O______________ VII. F_______________ II. O______________ VIII. V______________ III. O_____________ IX. G_______________ IV. T_____________ X. V________________ V. T______________ XI. A________________ VI. A_____________ XII. H_______________
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Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Figure 13.6a Location and function of cranial nerves. Filaments of olfactory nerve (I) Frontal lobe Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Optic nerve (II) Temporal lobe Optic chiasma Optic tract Oculomotor nerve (III) Infundibulum Facial nerve (VII) Trochlear nerve (IV) Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Trigeminal nerve (V) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Abducens nerve (VI) Vagus nerve (X) Cerebellum Accessory nerve (XI) Medulla oblongata Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
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I: The Olfactory Nerves
Sensory nerves of smell
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II: The Optic Nerves Arise from retinas; really a brain tract
Pass through optic canals, converge and partially cross over at optic chiasma Optic tracts continue to thalamus, where they synapse
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III: The Oculomotor Nerves
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IV: The Trochlear Nerves
Primarily motor nerve that directs eyeball
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Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal
Composed of three divisions: ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3)
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VI: The Abducens Nerves
Primarily a motor, innervating lateral rectus muscle
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VII: The Facial Nerves Motor functions include facial expression, parasympathetic impulses to lacrimal and salivary glands Sensory function (taste) from anterior two-thirds of tongue
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VIII: The Vestibulocochlear Nerves
Afferent fibers from hearing receptors (cochlear division) and equilibrium receptors (vestibular division) pass from inner ear through internal acoustic meatuses, and enter brain stem at pons-medulla border © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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IX: The Glossopharyngeal Nerves
Motor functions - innervate part of tongue and pharynx for swallowing, and provide parasympathetic fibers to parotid salivary glands Sensory functions - fibers conduct taste and general sensory impulses from pharynx and posterior tongue, and impulses from carotid chemoreceptors and baroreceptors
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X: The Vagus Nerves
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XI: The Accessory Nerves
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XII: The Hypoglossal Nerves
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X: The Vagus Nerves Only cranial nerves that extend beyond head and neck region Fibers from medulla exit skull via jugular foramen Most motor fibers are parasympathetic fibers that help regulate activities of heart, lungs, and abdominal viscera Sensory fibers carry impulses from thoracic and abdominal viscera, baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and taste buds of posterior tongue and pharynx
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31 pairs of mixed nerves named for point of issue from spinal cord
Spinal Nerves 31 pairs of mixed nerves named for point of issue from spinal cord Supply all body parts but head and part of neck 8 cervical (C1–C8) 12 thoracic (T1–T12) 5 Lumbar (L1–L5) 5 Sacral (S1–S5) 1 Coccygeal (C0)
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Only 7 cervical vertebrae, yet 8 pairs cervical spinal nerves
7 exit vertebral canal superior to vertebrae for which named 1 exits canal inferior to C7 Other vertebrae exit inferior to vertebra for which named
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Cervical plexus Cervical nerves C1 – C8 Brachial plexus Cervical
Figure Spinal nerves. Cervical plexus Cervical nerves C1 – C8 Brachial plexus Cervical enlargement Intercostal nerves Thoracic nerves T1 – T12 Lumbar enlargement Lumbar plexus Lumbar nerves L1 – L5 Sacral plexus Sacral nerves S1 – S5 Cauda equina Coccygeal nerve Co1
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Spinal Nerves: Roots Each spinal nerve connects to spinal cord via two roots Ventral roots Contain motor (efferent) fibers from ventral horn motor neurons Fibers innervate skeletal muscles Dorsal roots Contain sensory (afferent) fibers from sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia and conduct impulses from peripheral receptors
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Gray matter White matter Dorsal and ventral rootlets of spinal nerve Ventral root Dorsal root Dorsal root ganglion Dorsal ramus of spinal nerve Ventral ramus of spinal nerve Spinal nerve Rami communicantes Sympathetic trunk ganglion Anterior view showing spinal cord, associated nerves, and vertebrae. The dorsal and ventral roots arise medially as rootlets and join laterally to form the spinal nerve.
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Spinal nerves quite short (~1-2 cm) Each branches into mixed rami
Spinal Nerves: Rami Spinal nerves quite short (~1-2 cm) Each branches into mixed rami Dorsal ramus Ventral ramus - larger Meningeal branch – tiny, reenters vertebral canal, innervates meninges and blood vessels Rami communicantes (autonomic pathways) join ventral rami in thoracic region
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Spinal Nerves: Rami All ventral rami except T2–T12 form interlacing nerve networks called nerve plexuses (cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral) Back innervated by dorsal rami via several branches Ventral rami of T2–T12 as intercostal nerves supply muscles of ribs, anterolateral thorax, and abdominal wall Spinal roots longer as move inferiorly in cord Lumbar and sacral roots extend as cauda equina
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Spinal Nerves: Plexuses
Within plexus fibers criss-cross Each branch contains fibers from several spinal nerves Fibers from ventral ramus go to body periphery via several routes Each limb muscle innervated by more than one spinal nerve Damage to one does not paralysis
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Branches of intercostal nerve Lateral cutaneous Anterior cutaneous
Figure 13.8b Formation of spinal nerves and rami distribution. Dorsal ramus Ventral ramus Spinal nerve Rami communicantes Intercostal nerve Sympathetic trunk ganglion Dorsal root ganglion Dorsal root Ventral root Branches of intercostal nerve Lateral cutaneous Anterior cutaneous Sternum Cross section of thorax showing the main roots and branches of a spinal nerve.
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Cervical Plexus and the Neck
Formed by ventral rami of C1–C4 Most branches form cutaneous nerves Innervate skin of neck, ear, back of head, and shoulders Other branches innervate neck muscles Phrenic nerve Major motor and sensory nerve of diaphragm (receives fibers from C3–C5) Irritation hiccups
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Ventral rami Segmental branches Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Ventral rami:
Figure The cervical plexus. Ventral rami Segmental branches Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Ventral rami: Lesser occipital nerve C1 Greater auricular nerve C2 Transverse cervical nerve C3 Ansa cervicalis C4 Accessory nerve (XI) C5 Phrenic nerve Supraclavicular nerves
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Brachial Plexus and Upper Limb
Formed by ventral rami of C5–C8 and T1 (and often C4 and/or T2) Gives rise to nerves that innervate upper limb Major branches of this plexus: Roots—five ventral rami (C5–T1), which form Trunks—upper, middle, and lower, which form Divisions—anterior and posterior, which form Cords—lateral, medial, and posterior
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Roots (rami C5–T1), trunks, divisions, and cords
Figure 13.10a The brachial plexus. Anterior divisions Posterior divisions Trunks Roots Roots (ventral rami): C4 Dorsal scapular C5 Nerve to subclavius C6 Suprascapular Upper Posterior divisions C7 Middle Trunks C8 Lateral Lower Cords T1 Posterior Long thoracic Medial Medial pectoral Lateral pectoral Axillary Upper subscapular Musculo- cutaneous Lower subscapular Thoracodorsal Radial Medial cutaneous nerves of the arm and forearm Median Ulnar Roots (rami C5–T1), trunks, divisions, and cords
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Flowchart summarizing relationships within the brachial plexus
Figure 13.10b The brachial plexus. Major terminal branches (peripheral nerves) Roots (ventral rami) Cords Divisions Trunks Anterior Musculocutaneous C5 Upper Lateral Posterior Median C6 Medial Anterior Ulnar Middle C7 Posterior Radial C8 Posterior Anterior Axillary Lower T1 Posterior Flowchart summarizing relationships within the brachial plexus © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Brachial Plexus: Five Important Nerves
Axillary—innervates deltoid, teres minor, and skin and joint capsule of shoulder Musculocutaneous—innervates biceps brachii and brachialis, coracobrachialis, and skin of lateral forearm Median—innervates skin, most flexors, forearm pronators, wrist and finger flexors, thumb opposition muscles Ulnar—supplies flexor carpi ulnaris, part of flexor digitorum profundus, most intrinsic hand muscles, skin of medial aspect of hand, wrist/finger flexion Radial—innervates essentially all extensor muscles, supinators, and posterior skin of limb
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Musculocutaneous nerve Ulna Radius
Figure 13.10c The brachial plexus. Axillary nerve Humerus Radial nerve Musculocutaneous nerve Ulna Radius Ulnar nerve Median nerve Radial nerve (superficial branch) Dorsal branch of ulnar nerve Superficial branch of ulnar nerve Digital branch of ulnar nerve Muscular branch Median nerve Digital branch The major nerves of the upper limb
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Musculocutaneous Lateral cord nerve Posterior cord Axillary nerve
Figure 13.10d The brachial plexus. Musculocutaneous nerve Lateral cord Posterior cord Axillary nerve Medial cord Radial nerve Median nerve Ulnar nerve Cadaver photo
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Table 13.4 Branches of the Brachial Plexus
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Lumbar Plexus Arises from L1–L4 Innervates thigh, abdominal wall, and psoas muscle Femoral nerve—innervates quadriceps and skin of anterior thigh and medial surface of leg Obturator nerve—passes through obturator foramen to innervate adductor muscles
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Figure 13.11 The lumbar plexus.
Ventral rami Ventral rami: L1 Iliohypogastric Ilioinguinal L2 Iliohypogastric Femoral Lateral femoral cutaneous Ilioinguinal L3 Genitofemoral Obturator Lateral femoral cutaneous Anterior femoral cutaneous L4 Saphenous Obturator L5 Femoral Lumbosacral trunk Ventral rami and major branches of the lumbar plexus Distribution of the major nerves from the lumbar plexus to the lower limb
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Table 13.5 Branches of the Lumbar Plexus
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Serves the buttock, lower limb, pelvic structures, and perineum
Sacral Plexus Arises from L4–S4 Serves the buttock, lower limb, pelvic structures, and perineum Sciatic nerve Longest and thickest nerve of body Innervates hamstring muscles, adductor magnus, and most muscles in leg and foot Composed of two nerves: tibial and common fibular
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Ventral rami and major branches of the sacral plexus
Figure 13.12a The sacral plexus. Ventral rami Ventral rami: L4 Superior gluteal L5 Lumbosacral trunk S1 Inferior gluteal S2 Common fibular Tibial S3 Posterior femoral cutaneous S4 Pudendal S5 Sciatic Co1 Ventral rami and major branches of the sacral plexus
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Distribution of the major nerves from
Figure 13.12b The sacral plexus. Superior gluteal Inferior gluteal Pudendal Sciatic Posterior femoral cutaneous Common fibular Tibial Sural (cut) Deep fibular Superficial fibular Plantar branches Distribution of the major nerves from the sacral plexus to the lower limb
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Gluteus maximus Piriformis Inferior gluteal nerve Common fibular nerve
Figure 13.12c The sacral plexus. Gluteus maximus Piriformis Inferior gluteal nerve Common fibular nerve Tibial nerve Pudendal nerve Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve Sciatic nerve Cadaver photo
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Table 13.6 Branches of the Sacral Plexus
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Anterolateral Thorax and Abdominal Wall
Ventral rami in thorax in simple segmental pattern Form intercostal nerves that supply intercostal muscles, muscle and skin of anterolateral thorax, most abdominal wall Give off cutaneous branches to skin along course Dorsal rami innervate posterior body trunk
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Innervation of Skin: Dermatomes
Dermatome - area of skin innervated by cutaneous branches of single spinal nerve All spinal nerves except C1 participate in dermatomes Extent of spinal cord injuries ascertained by affected dermatomes Most dermatomes overlap, so destruction of a single spinal nerve will not cause complete numbness
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Anterior view Posterior view Figure 13.13 Map of dermatomes. C2 C3 C4
L1 T11 C8 L2 L3 C8 L4 S2 S3 L5 C6 L1 T12 L1 C6 S4 C7 S2 C7 S5 C8 S3 C8 L2 L2 S1 S2 S2 S1 L3 L3 L1 L5 L2 L5 L4 L4 L3 L5 L5 L4 S1 S1 L4 L4 L5 L5 S1 Anterior view Posterior view
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To remember which nerves serve which synovial joint
Innervation of Joints To remember which nerves serve which synovial joint Hilton's law: Any nerve serving a muscle that produces movement at joint also innervates joint and skin over joint
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