1. CEC SPA "Typhoon"Tiksi Meeting, Boulder, 7 March 20071 Experience in monitoring of airborne POPs, mercury and other metals in Russian Arctic. Perspectives for Research Program at Tiksi Observatory Alexey Konoplev Centre for Environmental Chemistry (CEC) SPA “Typhoon”, Obninsk, Russia, konoplev@obninsk.com

2. CEC SPA "Typhoon"Tiksi Meeting, Boulder, 7 March 20072  Identification and quantitative analysis of PTS;  Monitoring of PTS in the environment and biota;  Mechanisms of migration and transformation of PTS in the environment and process- level modeling PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES OF THE CEC SPA “TYPHOON”

3. CEC SPA "Typhoon"Tiksi Meeting, Boulder, 7 March 20073 ANALYTICAL METHODS  For Organic Contaminants: Capillary Gas Chromatography (CGC) and Gas Chromatography/Mass- spectrometry (GC/MS)  For Heavy Metals: Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) using both flame and Zeeman graphite-furnace AA  The Center has specially equipped rooms for sample storage, sample preparation, sample extraction and instrumental analysis

4. CEC SPA "Typhoon"Tiksi Meeting, Boulder, 7 March 20074 POPs and Hg air monitoring at Russian Arctic sites  Amderma: - POPs – 2001 - 2003; - Hg – 2001 – 2007  Dunay: - POPs – 1993 – 1994  Val’karkay (Chukchi): - POPs – 2002-2003

5. CEC SPA "Typhoon"Tiksi Meeting, Boulder, 7 March 20075 MONITORING OF AIRBORN POPs IN RUSSIAN ARCTIC

6. CEC SPA "Typhoon"Tiksi Meeting, Boulder, 7 March 20076 Relevant previous and ongoing programs  In Canada POPs monitoring has been operating at Alert since 1992;  In USA – Point Barrow;  In Norway - Ny Alesund;

7. CEC SPA "Typhoon"Tiksi Meeting, Boulder, 7 March 20077 Objectives of POPs air monitoring  To measure the concentrations of selected POPs in the atmosphere of Russian Arctic  This provides the opportunity to make comparative analysis of POPs in the ambient air for different areas of the Arctic and the basis for modelling of their environmental transport  The data allow to assess the efficacy of international Conventions such as Stockholm Convention on POPs and Convention on transboundary air pollution

8. CEC SPA "Typhoon"Tiksi Meeting, Boulder, 7 March 20078 The list of determined compounds includes 154 individual substances:  46 OCP and their metabolites (chlorobenzenes, DDT, mirex, Toxaphenes, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, chlordane etc.);  88 PCB congeners;  20 PAH.

9. CEC SPA "Typhoon"Tiksi Meeting, Boulder, 7 March 20079 Methods and materials The same protocols of sampling and analyses are used as for Arctic Air Toxics Network in CANADA and AMAP

10. CEC SPA "Typhoon"Tiksi Meeting, Boulder, 7 March 200710 Methods and materials Weekly samples are collected by means of a high volume sampler with a size- selective inlet for particles and a collection cartridge consisting of a glass fibre filter (particles < 10  m) followed by two polyurethane foam (PUF) sorbent plugs (organic vapours). Samples are shipped to the laboratory and extracted with hexane (PUFs) or dichloromethane (filters). Approximately one-half of the extract is used for clean- up and analysis by GC-MS.

11. CEC SPA "Typhoon"Tiksi Meeting, Boulder, 7 March 200711 Air POPs monitoring: Summary  In general atmospheric concentrations of most OCP at Amderma are similar to other Arctic sites  Levels of PAH at Amderma are consistent with levels from Dunai where annual average levels were greater than at Canadian Arctic sites  Concentrations of a number POPs especially PCBs and PAH at Val’karkay (Chukchi) are elevated as compare to Amderma and Dunay

12. CEC SPA "Typhoon"Tiksi Meeting, Boulder, 7 March 200712 Air POPs monitoring: Summary  Atmospheric PCB contamination in Amderma during summer was rather due to evaporation from underlying surface than due to their long-range transport  In winter, contribution of long-range transport was sufficiently high and apparently determined the atmospheric PCB concentrations in Amderma  Temporally all of the data for Arctic sites are not being collected concurrently making comparison of absolute levels difficult as these are affected by multiple factors including the important influence of meteorology that is highly variable

13. CEC SPA "Typhoon"Tiksi Meeting, Boulder, 7 March 200713 Objectives of Hg air monitoring  To establish monitoring station for Atmospheric Mercury Measurements in Russian Arctic  To obtain data on time dependency of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) for Russian site and to compare with data sets for other Arctic stations

14. CEC SPA "Typhoon"Tiksi Meeting, Boulder, 7 March 200714 Sites of monitoring stations at Amderma

15. CEC SPA "Typhoon"Tiksi Meeting, Boulder, 7 March 200715 Instrument: TEKRAN 2537A Mercury Vapor Analyzer Training in Obninsk Training in Amderma

16. CEC SPA "Typhoon"Tiksi Meeting, Boulder, 7 March 200716 Regular visits to the site

17. CEC SPA "Typhoon"Tiksi Meeting, Boulder, 7 March 200717 Time dependency of mercury concentration at Amderma, 2001-2007

18. CEC SPA "Typhoon"Tiksi Meeting, Boulder, 7 March 200718 Hg monitoring at Amderma - Main Conclusions  Gaseous elemental mercury at Amderma varies mainly within range from 1.5 to 2 ng/m 3 which corresponds to the levels for North American sites and global background level for Northern Hemisphere;  After polar sunrise (end of March - Start of June) mercury depletion event occurs - Hg concentration becomes very variable (from 0 to 2 ng/m 3 );  Maximum Hg concentration (2-2.5 ng/m 3 ) occurs at Summer time (June-July)

19. Perspectives for Research Program at Tiksi Observatory

20. CEC SPA "Typhoon"Tiksi Meeting, Boulder, 7 March 200720 Scientific Objectives  To provide quantitative data describing the levels of persistent toxic substances (PTS) in the Arctic atmosphere at Tiksi;  To assess the rate of deposition of these contaminants to Arctic environments;  To estimate source regions for detected contaminants

21. CEC SPA "Typhoon"Tiksi Meeting, Boulder, 7 March 200721 Sampling equipment  In order results of analyses of PTS at Tiksi and other Arctic stations (Alerty, Barrow, Ny Alesund) are comparable, it is recommended that one type sampling equipment.  The sampling equipment should include a system of air sampling for POPs analysis on PUFs and fiber filters and mercury analyzer Tekran 2537A.  It is proposed that mounting and testing of equipment be performed by specialists of the SPA «Typhoon».

22. CEC SPA "Typhoon"Tiksi Meeting, Boulder, 7 March 200722 Air sampling at Tiksi  Sampling and maintenance of samplers will be the responsibility of local operators at Tiksi.  Training of personnel should be organized by specialists of SPA «Typhoon».  The state of the station and operations should be controlled by specialists of SPA «Typhoon» at least once a quarter.  Air sampling for POPs and analysis is planned to be performed continuously, with replacement of concentration filters once a week.  Analysis of mercury vapor in the air will be done on one-hour basis.  Exposed filters used for POPs analysis and computer data on mercury vapor content are to be delivered to the CEC SPA «Typhoon» for processing and analysis once a quarter.

23. CEC SPA "Typhoon"Tiksi Meeting, Boulder, 7 March 200723 Analysis for POPs  Samples to be collected at Tiksi station will be analyzed in the CEC of SPA «Typhoon».  Analysis for POPs will be performed by GC/MS and capillary high-resolution gas chromatography.  All analytical methods will be similar to the US EPA techniques. QA/QC will be provided according to developed program.

24. CEC SPA "Typhoon"Tiksi Meeting, Boulder, 7 March 200724 THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR ATTENTION!!!