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Reproductive System Chapter 16
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The reproductive system appears to “slumber” until puberty Gonads produce gametes (sex cells) and secrete sex hormones Males produce sperm and female produce ova Ovum (plural: ova) – female gamete; egg
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Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System
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Testes Testes – male gonads Testes produce sperm and testosterone Approximately 4 cm (1 ½ inches) long and 2.5 cm (1 inch) wide
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Testes Tunica albuginea (al”bu-jin’e-ah) – a white coat that surrounds each testis Seminiferous tubules – the actual “sperm- forming factories”
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Epididymis Epididymis – the comma-shaped structure is a highly coiled tube about 20 feet long that caps the superior part of the testis Epididymis Testis
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Epididymis The first part of the male duct system Provides a temporary storage site for the immature sperm that enter it from the testis Epididymis Testis
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Epididymis Takes about 20 days for sperm to travel through the epididymis Afterwards, sperm have the ability to swim When a male is sexually stimulated, the epididymis expel the sperm into the vas deferens
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Vas Deferens Vas deferens (or ductus deferens) – runs upward from the epididymis and arches over the superior aspect of the bladder
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Vas Deferens Spermatic cord – the tube that encloses the vas deferens, blood vessels, and nerves in a connective tissue sheath
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Vas Deferens Ejaculatory duct – the end of the vas deferens empties into this duct which passes through the prostate gland to merge with the urethra
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Vas Deferens During ejaculation, the thick layers of smooth muscle in its walls create peristaltic waves that rapidly squeeze the sperm forward
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Vas Deferens Vasectomy – a minor operation when the surgeon makes a small incision into the scrotum and then cuts through or cauterizes the vas deferens
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Vas Deferens Vasectomy Sperm are still produced, but they can no longer reach the body exterior and eventually deteriorate and are reabsorbed
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Urethra Urethra – extends from the base of the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis; the terminal part of the male duct system
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Urethra The male urethra carries both urine and sperm to the body exterior; thus, it serves the urinary and reproductive systems Urine and sperm never pass at the same time
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Urethra When ejaculation occurs, the urethral sphincter contracts This event not only prevents the passage of urine into the urethra, but also prevents sperm from entering the urinary bladder
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Prostate Gland Prostate gland secretion is a milky fluid that plays a role in activating sperm
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Prostate Gland Since the prostate is located adjacent to the rectum, its size and texture can be felt by digital (finger) examination through the anterior rectal wall
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Seminal Vesicles Seminal vesicle – a gland located at the base of the bladder
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Semen Semen – a milky white, somewhat sticky mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions 60-65% of the fluid is produced by the seminal vesicles 30-35% by the prostate 5% from the testicles (sperm)
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Semen Semen is slightly alkaline (7.2-7.6 pH level) Average number of sperm in one ejaculation: 40-150 million Sperm can live 4-6 days in the female reproductive tract
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External Genitalia Under normal conditions, the scrotum hangs loosely from its attachments, providing the testes with a temperature that is below body temperature
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External Genitalia The scrotum, which provides a temperature about 3 degrees Celsius lower, is necessary for the production of healthy sperm
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External Genitalia Penis – designed to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract Glans penis – the enlarged tip of the penis Prepuce – foreskin around the proximal end of the glans
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Spermatogenesis Spermatid (immature sperm)
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Sperm
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Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Ovaries Fallopian tubes Vagina Uterus
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Ovaries Ovaries – produce ova, estrogen, and progesterone
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Ovaries Suspensory ligaments – structures used to secure the ovaries to the lateral walls of the pelvis
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Fallopian (Uterine) Tubes Fallopian tubes – receive the ovulated oocyte and provide a site where fertilization can occur About 4 inches long
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Fallopian (Uterine) Tubes Fimbriae (fim-bree-ee) – the distal ends of each fallopian tube with fingerlike projections which partially surround the ovary Some eggs never reach the fallopian tubes Fimbria
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Uterus Uterus (or womb) – a hollow organ that functions to receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized egg About the size of a pear in a woman who has never been pregnant
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Uterus Body – the major portion of the uterus Fundus – the superior rounded region of the uterus Cervix – the narrow outlet which is adjacent to the vagina
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Uterus The uterus is consisted of three walls Endometrium – the inner layer; the young embryo will attach to this layer during pregnancy If a woman is not pregnant, this layer sloughs off about every 28 days (menstrual cycle)
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Uterus Myometrium – the bulky middle layer of the uterus; lined with smooth muscles that plays a role in delivery Epimetrium – the outermost layer Epimetrium
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Vagina Vagina – a thin-walled tube 3-4 inches long The vagina provides a passageway for the delivery of an infant and for menstrual flow to leave the body
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Vagina Hymen – the distal end of the vagina tends to bleed when it is ruptured during the first sexual intercourse Its durability varies Weak (torn during a sports activity) Strong (surgery is needed for intercourse to occur)
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External Genitalia (Vulva) Mons pubis – a rounded mass of fatty tissue lying over the joint of the pubic bones
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External Genitalia (Vulva) Labia majora – runs posterior from the mons pubis; two elongated hair-covered skin folds Labia minora – two delicate hair-free folds
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External Genitalia (Vulva) Urethral opening – orifice urine exits the body Clitoris – composed of sensitive erectile tissue that becomes swollen with blood during sexual excitement (similar to the male penis) Covered by prepuce (foreskin)
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Oogenesis
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