2. 1700= 300,000 (20,000 were black) 1775= 2.5 million (1/2 million were black) Immigrants= 400,000 Forced immigrants same Doubled every 25 years Population growth changed population balance –1700= Colonists to English subjects ratio 1:20 –1775= 1:3

4. PA: Germans (Deutsch) = 6% 150,000 by 1775 Fleeing religious restriction and persecution, economic oppression and war Adopted Lutheran and other protestant faiths –Street signs in German and English –Clung to language and customs

5. PA, NC, SC: Scots-Irish= 7% 175,000 by 1775 Scotish Lowlanders experienced turbulence, transplanted to N Ireland= no prosperity Scotish Presbetarians lashed with Irish- Catholics: Resentment English Government imposed economic restrictions on linens and woolen exports Pugnacious, individualistic Most land taken by Germans –“great wagon road” –Superb frontiersmen

6. 5% were multiple nationalities French Hugenouts, Welsh, Dutch, Swededs, Jews, Irish, Swiss, Scotish Highlanders Had little loyalty to the crown Largest non-English group= Africans-20% in 1775 –Heavily concentrated in the South

7. Paxton Boys 1764: protested Quaker oligarchy’s lenient policy toward Natives Regulator Movement in NC: nasty insurrection vs. England’s dominance of colonial affairs

8. NE: Puritans (originally) least diverse Middle Colonies: later immigrants caused diversity “What is this new American, this new man?” –“Praying towns” –Blurred boundaries –Shiny new equality and opportunity (except slavery) –No divided social class Of the 56 signers of the Declaration of Independence: –18 non-English, 8 not born in the colonies

9. A new place for the footloose former indentured servant Indentured servants eventually become prosperous “Jayle birds” Oppressed slaves Fear of black rebellion

10. Clergy Physicians Fishing, whaling, shipbuilding Land speculation “Kill devil” rum Fur trade Iron forges Etc

11. Population Increase caused dependence on British production Britain’s slow population growth caused saturation point Transportation of goods along the road

13. 1730’s and 1740’s Exploded like fire in prairie grass Liberal ideas of enlightened thinking Age of Reason Spiritual conversion, not necessary for membership

14. Mainly Anglican and Congregational Anglican: official faiths in GA, NC, SC, VA, MD, and part of NY –Attempted elsewhere unsuccessfully –Accepted more socially –Clergy needed training Congregational: New England Colonies (except RI) Crown supported churches through taxes

15. Road to the American Revolution 1754-1775  Relationship with Britain  The French and Indian War  The Imperial Crisis and Resistance to Britain  Philosophy of the American Revolution

16. What ways did the French and Indian War alter the political, economic, and ideological between Britain and its American colonies? French & Indian War

17. Broader Significance Changed Forever Balance of power in No. America Relationship between Indians & Europeans Relationships between Britain & No. American colonies

18. Causes History of Anglo- French conflicts North America, the British and the French Vie for Power over the Ohio River Valley French Forts in Ohio Valley stop colonists from moving west. Initially – alliances with Native American does tip the scales in favor of the French 1756 War is Declared!

19. 1754 - Clash Ohio River Valley British French Fort NecessityFort Duquesne G. WashingtonDelaware & Shawnee

20. The Albany Congress June 19 – July 11 – Daily meetings Seven Colonies – David Lithgow, Painting – Mural. 1939

21. Albany Plan (1754) Reps. from N.E., NY, PA (Franklin), MD Albany Plan (Franklin) Iroquois threatened switch sides Colonial legislatures

22. Map of Crucial Battles

23. Key Events & Battles

24. Impact of the War Tensions over: Organization & Discipline Methods of fighting Financing the War Resulting British attitudes toward colonists Resulting colonial attitudes toward British government Effect on inter-colonial relationships? British and colonial attitudes

25. Treaty of Paris 1763 1. France transferred Canada & all land east of Mississippi River (Ohio Valley) to Britain 2. France ceded New Orleans & all claims west of Mississippi River to Spain (Spain cedes Florida to Britain 3. France granted some of Caribbean Islands & all interests in India to Britain

26. Imperial Crisis 1763-1775

27. Results of the War Greatly larger colonial empire in No. America Huge War Debt Resentment toward colonists (military & financial role in war) Reorganization of American Empire George III (ruled 1760- 1820)

28. Proclamation of 1763 All lands west of the Appalachians reserved for Indians British Reason: To stop conflict between the Colonists and the Indians and save them $$$$ Colonial Reaction: Frustrated and thought this was an attempt to limit freedom Discussion Question #1

29. Currency Act 1764 Colonist forbidden to make paper money legal tender British Reason: British merchants worried about the loss of value of Virginia’s paper money. All taxes were to be paid in specie Colonial Reaction: Specie would leave the colonies to pay the troops (form of taxes). Colonists would be left without money. They resorted to the barter system to bypass the law Discussion Question #9

30. Sugar Act 1764 Decreased duty on imported molasses in an attempt to stop bribes; put new taxes on indigo, sugar, coffee, wine and textiles. Violators tried in admiralty courts not local courts British Reason: Raise revenue “for defraying the expenses of defending, protecting, and securing” - Grenville Colonial Reaction: FURIOUS! How dare they? Discussion Question #7

31. Quartering Act 1765 Colonists must supply British troops with living quarters, bedding, food, beer, cider and rum. British Reason: Most soldiers quartered in public buildings, but when away from cities would need to be in private homes. Colonial Reaction: Most refused to comply Discussion Question #10

32. Stamp Act 1765 Required stamp tax on all legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, playing cards, dice, and all other printed material. Violators tried by Admiralty Courts. British Reason: To raise revenue Colonial Reaction: Colonists burned tax collectors in effigy and tarred and feathered them Discussion Question #11

33. 1770 Repeal of the Townshend Acts Lord North, first lord of the Treasury urges Parliament to repeal all taxes except tax on tea Colonial Reaction: Colonists were still resentful. The tea tax was a slap in the face

34. The Gaspee Incident (1772) The Gaspee was a British Royal Navy ship assigned to customs duty. would regularly stop merchant ships to examine their cargo looking for illegal goods The Gaspee ran aground in Narragansett Bay, near Providence. a group of men boarded the Gaspee and set the ship on fire. No one came forward, and no one was ever charged for the offence. British Reaction: The British began to directly pay the governors' salary, rather than being paid by the colonies. Colonial Reaction: The colonies saw this as another step to put them under British control, and to eliminate their freedoms.

36. The Boston Massacre ( March 5,1770 )

37. 1770 Boston “Massacre” March 5, 1770 a group of colonists were taunting and throwing snowballs at British soldiers. Shots were fired and 5 were killed, 6 wounded. Colonial Reaction: Sam Adams and the Sons of Liberty fueled the propaganda machine and proclaimed this a “Massacre”. The colonists were minding their own business and were fired upon. However the truth is much different Discussion Question #22

38. The Gaspee Incident (1772) Providence, RI coast

39. Committees of Correspondence Purpose  warn neighboring colonies about incidents with Br.  broaden the resistance movement.

40. Tea Act (1773) 8 British East India Co.:  Monopoly on Br. tea imports.  Many members of Parl. held shares.  Permitted the Co. to sell tea directly to cols. without col. middlemen (cheaper tea!) 8 North expected the cols. to eagerly choose the cheaper tea.

41. Boston Tea Party (1773)

42. 1773 Boston Tea Party Colonists dressed as Indians, boarded 3 ships in Boston Harbor and dumped the tea.Colonists dressed as Indians, boarded 3 ships in Boston Harbor and dumped the tea. This was the colonists reaction to the order that ships could not leave until the “cheap” tea was unloaded.This was the colonists reaction to the order that ships could not leave until the “cheap” tea was unloaded. Ever wonder why a country of “Englishmen” would become a country of coffee drinkers?Ever wonder why a country of “Englishmen” would become a country of coffee drinkers?

43. The Suffolk Resolves 1774 1. Denounced Intolerable Acts and ignored punitive actions on Massachusetts after the Boston Tea Party 2.Encouraged making their own militia 3.Encouraged the boycott of British goods 4.Delivered to the First Continental Congress by Paul Revere 5.For the first time, ‘Americans must prepare for war’, first time that three-letter word was used 6.The militancy in Massachusetts in arming citizen- soldiers against the British is solidified 7.Massachusetts made an attempt at a militia, which fought at Lexington and Concord Hint: took up where the Virginia Resolves left off after the Stamp Act.

44. The Coercive or Intolerable Acts (1774) Lord North 1. Port Bill 2. Government Act 4. Administration of Justice Act 3. New Quartering Act

45. The Coercive or Intolerable Acts (1774) Lord North 1. Boston harbor closed until tea paid for 2. Massachusetts constitution changed increasing governor’s power and banning town meetings 4. Administration of Justice Act – British soldiers and government officials will be tried in Britain 3. New Quartering Act – all troops will be quartered in town

46. The Quebec Act (1774)

47. America Secedes from the Empire 1774- First Continental Congress 1775- Lexington and Concord May 10, 1775- Second Continental Congress May, 1775- Ticonderoga June 17, 1775- Battle of Bunker Hill July 1775- Olive Branch Petition August, 1775- King formally proclaims colonists are in rebellion and skirmishes are considered treasonous. Hessians are hired as mercenaries December 31, 1775- Assault on Quebec January, 1776- British set fire to Norfolk, VA March, 1776- British forced to evacuate Boston

48. Steps to Declaration of Independence 1776- Common Sense June 7, 1776- Resolution made by Richard Henry Lee July 4 th, 1776- DoI Approved by Congress

49. First Continental Congress (1774) 55 delegates from 12 colonies Agenda  How to respond to the Coercive Acts & the Quebec Act? 1 vote per colony represented.

50. The British Are Coming... Paul Revere & William Dawes make their midnight ride to warn the Minutemen of approaching British soldiers.

51. The Shot Heard ’Round the World! Lexington & Concord – April 18,1775

52. The Second Continental Congress (1775) Olive Branch Petition

53. Thomas Paine: Common Sense 1776

54. Declaration of Independence (1776)

55. Declaration of Independence

56. Independence Hall

59. BritainAmericans Advantages?? Disadvantages?? On the Eve of the Revolution ?

60. LoyalistStrongholds

61. Washington’s Headaches Only 1/3 of the colonists were in favor of a war for independence [the other third were Loyalists, and the final third were neutral]. State/colony loyalties. Congress couldn’t tax to raise money for the Continental Army. Poor training [until the arrival of Baron von Steuben.

62. Military Strategies Attrition [the Brits had a long supply line]. Guerilla tactics [fight an insurgent war  you don’t have to win a battle, just wear the British down] Make an alliance with one of Britain’s enemies. The AmericansThe British Break the colonies in half by getting between the No. & the So. Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods and supplies from an ally. “Divide and Conquer”  use the Loyalists.

63. Phase I: The Northern Campaign [1775-1776]

64. Bunker Hill (June, 1775) The British suffered over 40% casualties.

65. Phase II: NY & PA [1777-1778]

66. New York City in Flames (1776)

67. Saratoga: “Turning Point” of the War? Saratoga: “Turning Point” of the War? A modern-day re-enactment

68. Phase III: The Southern Strategy [1780-1781]

69. Britain’s “Southern Strategy” Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South. Southern resources were more valuable/worth preserving. The British win a number of small victories, but cannot pacify the countryside [similar to U. S. failures in Vietnam!] Good US General: Nathanial Greene

70. The Battle of Yorktown (1781) Count de Rochambeau Admiral De Grasse

71. Cornwallis’ Surrender at Yorktown: Painted by John Trumbull, 1797 “The World Turned Upside Down!”

73. North America After the Treaty of Paris, 1783

75. The Revolutionary War is over Now the question is how to rule the country? The state disagree about what kind of government they want The framers disagree about what kind of government they want People are becoming frustrated and rebelling against current government

76. At the Constitutional Convention … Some framers thought the Constitution gave the government too much power They argued that states should have more power because they were closer to the people…what could a national government possibly know about state and city problems? Also, there was no Bill of Rights – nothing that said what people can and cannot do Those opposed set out to campaign against the Constitution, arguing that it would create a government with so much power, it would just be like having a king again. Enter the Anti-Federalists

77. The Federalists supported the Constitution as it was. After all, it was decided upon by representatives from each state The Constitution had a strong sense of CHECKS AND BALANCES, or a balance of power between the three branches of the national government and the local and state governments The Federalists wrote the “Federalist Papers” to encourage states to approve the Constitution At the Constitutional Convention … Enter the Federalists

78. Enter the “fight” The Constitution needed 9 of 13 states to approve it in order for it to become law Both sides (the Federalists and the Anti- Federalists) tried to convince people their side was correct After the great debate, the states finally ratified the Constitution … Only IF …. was included.

79. didn’t think it was really necessary … insisted on the Bill of Rights  Federalists agreed to add the Bill of Rights – keeping both sides happy  The rights would be added as amendments … meaning they were seen as “official changes, corrections, or additions”  The Bill of Rights were based upon the constitutions developed by the states  There were a total of ten amendments added.. And they became known as : “The Bill of Rights”

80. 1.Which side had the best argument … the Federalists or the Anti- Federalists? 2.Each side present your arguments 3.Does the Constitution really need a Bill of Rights? 4. WHY or WHY NOT?