1. After Gettysburg: Social, Economic and Political Warfare Economic and Social Effects Grant and Union Victory The Outcome Reconstruction –Lincoln –Johnson –Radical Republicans

2. 1863: May 2-4: Battle of Chancellorsville (VA) Lee’s army defeats Hooker’s Army of the Potomac—Stonewall Jackson dies May 22: Grant begins long siege at Vicksburg, Miss. –the key to control of the Mississippi River July 1-3: Gettysburg—the final turning point of the war; Confederates lose 28,000; Union loses 23,000—Lee retreats to VA. July 4: Grant’s siege at Vicksburg ends in Victory; Union controls the Mississippi— cutting the South in two November 23-25: after taking control of the Union forces in the West, Grant drives Confederate forces away from Chattanooga, takes control of Tennessee 1864: March: Grant named commander of the Union armies Grant repeatedly attacks Richmond November: Lincoln reelected November 16: Sherman’s March to the Sea (splits South Horizontally) 1865: January: 13 th Amendment passed: Outlaws slavery (ratified Dec. of the same year) March 4 : Lincoln’s 2 nd Inauguration April 2: Confederacy evacuates Richmond April 4: Lincoln tours Richmond, sits in Davis’s Chair April 8: Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, VA April 14: Lincoln assassinated

3. Economic Effects South being defeated economically by naval blockade Outrageous Southern inflation (9,000%) –Cigars--$10 –Butter--$25/lb. –Flour--$275/barrel

4. Grant in Charge… North on the road toward victory Lincoln found his general The Northern Advantage—more replacements 60,000 casualties in < a month “Butcher Grant?”

6. “March to the Sea” overnight turn-around Atlanta to Savanna 25 Days, Total War Territorial, Economic, Psychological Victory for North Southern Will Cracked William Tecumseh ShermanAtlanta, post-destruction

7. “Let us judge not…that we be not judged” Lincoln reelected (1864) and called for: End to war Tolerant, merciful reconstruction Lasting peace between North and South

8. The Fall of the Confederacy April 3, 1865: Richmond falls April 9, 1865: Lee Surrenders at Appomatox -Confederate soldiers lay down arms -Can return home peacefully General Lee Appomatox Court House, VA

9. The Outcome Over 600,000 Casualties –350,000 Union Soldiers –250,000 Confederate Soldiers Southern Property and Economic Loss BUT…. Slavery is dead U.S. is a Nation Better integrated Society More advanced and productive economic system

10. Expansion of the “Proper Sphere” Women’s roles expanded— North and South –Managed Farms –Nurses and Doctor(s)— Elizabeth Blackwell –Factory Workers –Volunteer Medical Corps –U.S. Sanitary Commission

11. Why did the North Win the War? South had an 18 th Century Army—fighting a 19 th century war The numbers—South outmanned 2 to 1 Blockade of the Southern Ports—starvation Failure of the South to gain foreign support Willingness of the North to fight a War of Attrition

12. What would the United States do with the Fruits of Victory? What would ex-slaves do with their freedom? How would various groups of Americans react to emancipation? Could people forget the past? Fundamental Questions Faced the Nation:

13. Reconstruction The Central Question : What was more important: Getting the nation back together first, then worrying about civil rights issues; or, Making sure the freed slaves were guaranteed equality before reunifying the nation? Lincoln’s Plan –Provisional governors –Simple loyalty oath –“10% Plan” –Lenient on South –“We shall sooner have the fowl by hatching it than by smashing it.” Radical Republicans The Wade-Davis Plan –Wanted to make the South pay –Oath that one was not a Confederate –Majority necessary before readmission –Pocket Vetoed

14. Tragedy Strikes Lincoln visited Richmond—hailed and worshipped as a hero Ford’s Theater—shot and assassinated by John Wilkes Booth Plot of die-hard Southern conspirators End to chance for relatively easy Reconstruction (for all involved)

15. The 13 th Amendment: Lincoln helps it pass, but doesn’t live to see it ratified “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, will exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” “Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.”

16. Andrew Johnson: “the lone wolf” Indecisive Lacked Lincoln’s political abilities Alienated himself from nearly all constituencies We’ll soon see the results of this…

17. The Radical Republicans Ultras (Sumner): Called for immediate and absolute social and political equality for blacks Moderates (Stevens) civil rights, but not necessarily prepared to fight for absolute equality (but Stevens’ personal ideals were truly radical— buried in a black cemetery) Joint Committee on Reconstruction Civil Rights Act Charles SumnerThaddeus Stevens The “Moral Trustees” of Reconstruction

18. The 14 th Amendment — a truly radical measure A broad definition of citizenship: “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside.” Put Down Black Codes: “ No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. ” Repudiated Confederate Debt Attempted to enforce black right to vote