1. Part I: Dipoles by Marc C. Tarplee Ph.D. N4UFP
Basic Wire Antennas
Part I: Dipoles
by Marc C. Tarplee Ph.D.
N4UFP

2. Antenna Overview 1 An antenna is a device that:
Converts RF power applied to its feed point into electromagnetic radiation.
Intercepts energy from a passing electromagnetic radiation, which appears as RF voltage across the antenna’s feed point.
The intensity of the radiation launched by the antenna is generally not the same in all directions. This radiation pattern is the same whether the antenna is used to transmit or receive signals
The ratio of the maximum radiation by a given antenna to the radiation of a reference in the same direction is called the directivity:

3. Antenna Overview 2 Two common directivity measures:
dBi – dB referenced to an isotropic (equal radiation in all directions) radiator.
dBd – dB referenced to a half wavelength dipole (more about dipoles later).
The feed point impedance of an antenna is generally complex. The real component has two components:
Loss resistance due to the conductivity of the antenna itself and losses caused by other objects near the antenna (such as the ground)
Radiation resistance, which represents the transfer of power from the antenna into the radiated field.
In addition to the radiated electromagnetic field, also known as the far field, there is a field that exists only in the immediate vicinity of the antenna known as the near field. Power is stored in the near field, not radiated, although the near field can couple to other objects near the antenna and transfer RF power to them.
Both directivity and impedance are dependent of the frequency of the RF

4. Antenna Overview 3
Antennas can be composed of any conductive material, although high conductivity materials such as aluminum and copper are the best choices.
RF currents in a conductor flow only near the conductor’s surface; thus antennas can be made from hollow tubing, without compromising performance.
Meshed elements may be used, provided that the holes in the mesh are much smaller (a factor of 10 or more) than the wavelength at which the antenna will be used.

5. Dipole Fundamentals
A dipole is antenna composed of a single radiating element split into two sections, not necessarily of equal length.
The RF power is fed into the split.
The radiators do not have to be straight.

6. Dipole Characteristics
Electrical length - the overall length of the dipole in wavelengths at the frequency of interest.
Directivity - the ratio of the maximum radiation of an antenna to the maximum radiation of a reference antenna. It is often measured in dBi, dB above an isotropic (non-directional) radiator.
Self Impedance - the impedance at the antenna’s feed point (not the feed point in the shack).
Radiation Resistance - a fictitious resistance that represents power flowing out of the antenna
Radiation Pattern - the intensity of the radiated RF as a function of direction.

7. The Short Dipole The length is less than /2.
The self impedance is generally capacitive.
The radiation resistance is quite small and ohmic losses are high
SWR bandwidth is quite small, ~ 2% of design frequency.
Directivity is ~1.8 dBi. Radiation pattern resembles figure 8

8. The Short Dipole
For dipoles longer than /5, the antenna can be matched to coax by using loading coils
For best results, the coils are placed in the middle of each leg of the dipole
Loading coils can introduce additional loss of 1 dB or more
For dipoles longer than /3 the antenna can be matched to coax by using linear loading

9. Design Table: Short Dipole
/4 dipole with inductive loading
0.36  dipole with linear loading
Design Height: 60 ft. Feed point impedance: 40 

10. The Half Wave (/2) Dipole
Length is approximately /2 (0.48  for wire dipoles)
Self impedance is ohms with no reactive component (good match to coax)
Directivity ~ 2.1 dBi
SWR Bandwidth is ~ 5% of design frequency

11. Design Table: Half Wave Dipole

12. The Full Wave Dipole (Double Zepp)
Length is approximately  (0.99 for wire dipoles)
Self impedance is ~ 6000 ohms.
Antenna can be matched to coax with a 450 ohm series matching section
Directivity ~ 3.8 dBi
SWR Bandwidth ~ 5% of design frequency

13. Design Table: Double Zepp

14. The 3/2 Dipole Length is approximately 1.48
Self impedance ~ 110 ohms
Antenna can be matched to 50 ohm coax with quarter wave 75 ohm matching section
Directivity ~ 3.3 dBi.
Directions of max radiation point to all areas of interest for HF DX when antenna wire runs E-W

15. Design Table: 3/2 Dipole

16. Dipole Polarization
On the HF bands dipoles are almost always horizontally polarized. It is not possible to get a low angle of radiation with a vertical dipole (electrically) close to the earth
Reflection losses are also greater for vertically polarized RF
The height of the support required for a vertical dipole can also be a problem