1. Unit 2: Cornell-D “What Progressive reforms addressed economic problems and were they successful ?”

2. Exploitation of Workers Child Labor Labor Strikes Labor Strikes Unfair treatment of Women Workers Monopolies & Trusts Railroad Monopolies

3. Exploitation of Workers – Low Pay, Bad working CONDITIONS, no benefits Economic Reformers: Upton Sinclair, (Muckraker)

4. Exploitation of Workers – Low Pay, Bad working conditions, no benefits The Jungle – a novel based on the dirtiest food industry in America: MEAT packing

5. Exploitation of Workers – Low Pay, Bad working conditions, no benefits Sam Gompers, Am. Federation of Labor Am. Federation of Labor union leader union leader Mary Harris Jones, “Mother Jones” – union leader

6. Exploitation of Workers – Low Pay, Bad working conditions, no benefits Eugene Debs, American Railway Union – American Railway Union – Also, Socialist candidate for Pres. in 1912 “Big Bill” Haywood IWW IWW Industrial Workers of the World “the Wobblies” – most radical union “the Wobblies” – most radical union

7. Exploitation of Workers – Low Pay, Bad working conditions, no benefits Solutions: 1. Organize UNIONS! … for decent PAY & conditions  could mean STRIKES = the refusal to WORK… decent PAY & conditions  could mean STRIKES = the refusal to WORK…

8. Exploitation of Workers – Low Pay, Bad working conditions, no benefits Before and after unions organized: 18901915 Weekly Wages: $17.40 $24 Weekly Hours: 54.5 hrs/wk. 49 hrs/wk. Members in Unions 400,000 1,500,000 (1904)

9. Exploitation of Workers – Low Pay, Bad working conditions, no benefits Unions successful reforms? Y/N ? “YES & NO” Business managers refuse to RECOGNIZE or negotiate with UNIONS

10. Unions Successful Reforms ? “Yes & No” Sometimes, public FEARS VIOLENCE of STRIKES, and that unions might lead to a SOCIALIST REVOLUTION like Russia (BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION of 1917) SOCIALIST REVOLUTION like Russia (BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION of 1917)

11. Unions Successful Reforms ? “Yes & No” Often, Business managers would stop STRIKES with LEGAL action. Often, Business managers would stop STRIKES with LEGAL action. They argued that STRIKES interfere with inter-STATE commerce (trade) They argued that STRIKES interfere with inter-STATE commerce (trade)

12. Exploitation of Workers – Low Pay, Bad working conditions, no benefits Solution: 2. ARBITRATION = both sides in a STRIKE negotiate/w a MEDIATOR 1 st Arbitrated strike in USA: 1903 COAL STRIKE T.ROOSEVELT said COAL is Public INTEREST so GOVERNMENT should settle the STRIKE with ARBITRATION – the government will be the MEDIATOR

13. Exploitation of Workers – Low Pay, Bad working conditions, no benefits Successful reform? Y/N ? “YES” Arbitration is used to settle SOME strikes – but its not always used T.R. 1 st Pres. to arbitrate a strike for the Public I________? Interest

14. Problem: Child Labor Progressive Reformers: Jane Addams Florence Kelley Florence Kelley Mary Harris Jones

15. Problem: Child Labor Solution: 1. NATIONAL reform is tried KEATING-OWENS Act= this law prohibited the TRANSPORTATION of goods made by children Successful ? Y/N ? “NO” Supreme Court said the law UNCONSTITUTIONAL because it restricted TRADE (interstate commerce) it restricted TRADE (interstate commerce)

16. Problem: Child Labor Solution: 2. STATE reforms  state laws ban child labor and make MANDATORY SCHOOL laws that take most kids out of jobs Also, HOURS are limited for minors/children who do work. Successful ? Y/N ? “YES” By 1920 the number of children working is cut by ½ (50%)

17. Women Labors—long hours Solution: STATE laws limit working HOURS for women (to 10 hrs/day) (to 10 hrs/day) Big business fights back in court saying Oregon’s law is unconstitutional

18. Unfair treatment of Women Workers Successful reform? Y/N ? “YES” 1908 OREGON v. MUELLER Supreme Court case Says that protecting young women is a PUBLIC INTEREST (for healthy MOTHERS and families)

19. Problem: Monopolies & Trusts Progressive Reformers: Pres. Teddy Roosevelt Pres. Woodrow Wilson

20. Problem: Unfair elimination of c________ by monopoly businesses

21. Problem: Monopolies & Trusts Solution: 1. Sue “BAD” trusts with the SHERMAN ANTI-TRUST Act= any corporation that harms the Public INTEREST But – T.R. still wants Big Business for an INDUSTRIAL America (so, some big industries are OK !)

22. Problem: Monopolies & Trusts Sherman Anti-trust Successful reform ? Y/N ? “YES & NO” T.R. broke-up only a FEW trusts T.R. preferred to REGULATE not ELIMINATE big industries not ELIMINATE big industries He was not as big of a “Trust-Buster” as the media made of him

23. Problem: Monopolies & Trusts Solution: 2. REGULATION = laws to stop “BAD” or UNFAIR behavior of business laws to stop “BAD” or UNFAIR behavior of business1906: Meat INSPECTION Act Meat INSPECTION Act Pure FOOD & DRUGS Act Pure FOOD & DRUGS Act These are examples of “regulatory laws”

24. Problem: Monopolies & Trusts Successful reform ? Y/N ? “YES” REGULARTORY laws required strict RULES, INSPECTION and LABELING on products to protect consumers (prop 37—2012) (prop 37—2012)

25. Problem: Monopolies & Trusts T.R. supports Populist goal REGULATE the RR’s REGULATE the RR’s Congress passes the INTERSTATE COMMERCE Act Creates the INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION (ICC) To stop RR’s from fixing high prices to charge farmers/consumers

26. Problem: Monopolies & Trusts Successful reform ? Y/N ? “YES” The ICC had LIMITED powers to ENFORCE the law – but, The COMMISSION did help farmers and consumers against RR monopolies

27. Problem: Monopolies & Trusts Solution: 3. Wilson’s CLAYTON ANTI- TRUST Act of 1914 is stronger than the – SHERMAN Anti-trust law And it said UNIONS had right to ORGANIZE (creates the Fed. TRADE COMMISSION, too)

28. Problem: Monopolies & Trusts Clayton Anti-Trust Act Successful reform ? Y/N ? “YES” Over 400 “cease & desist” orders were issued to stop unfair business activities