1. Cell Transport Cell Transport Intro Video

2. What is the purpose for the cell membrane in all cells? Is Selectively Permeable -Allows for the passage of some substances based on size and the concentration of materials on either side of the membrane -Made up of a double layer of phospholipids with proteins floating through it

3. What are the two main parts of the cell membrane? Phospholipids Proteins

4. A phospholipid has a head and a tail region. The tails are made up of the fatty acid chain of a lipid polar Outer part of the membrane is made up of polar (charged), hydrophilic (water loving) heads. nonpolar Inner part of membrane is made up of nonpolar (not charged), hydrophobic (water fearing) fatty acid tails Phospholipid Head Tail Head Tails Head

5. Due to the hydrophobic nature of the inside of the membrane: – Cells do not go into solution with the environment. – Water can’t get past the hydrophobic tails. Allows for the structure of the cell protein channels Materials like water, glucose, some amino acids, and ions (Na +, Cl -, K + ), can’t pass through the membrane without going through the protein channels located throughout the membrane

6. In the "fluid mosaic model" of membrane structure says that the molecules within the membrane move around. – Phospholipids regularly move sideways & flip – Proteins can not flip around but instead float like floats on water Rap

7. 1.Hydrophobic 1.Hydrophobic means – Water fearing – Water molecules will be repelled 2.Hydrophilic 2.Hydrophilic means – Water loving – Water molecules will be attracted to it 3.Polar 3.Polar means – Has a positive end and a negative end to the molecule

8. How does the cell membrane create a barrier that is also selectively permeable? 1.Inside of the membrane is made up of? – Hydrophobic fatty acid tails – Nonpolar – Repel polar molecules and ions 2.Outside of the membrane is made up of? – Hydrophilic heads – Attract polar molecules like water and ions

9. The Cell Membrane is Selectively Permeable The membrane allows some materials to pass and not others. Maintains homeostasis Maintains homeostasis with the cell It can control what is coming in a going out of the cell It regulates permeably by: – The size of their pores – The size of the molecule (monomers can pass through while polymers can’t) – The concentration of molecules on either side of the membrane – Polarity of the molecules

10. What are the four factors that determine what can get through the cell membrane? 1.The size of their pores 2.The size of the molecule (monomers can pass through while polymers can’t) 3.The concentration of molecules on either side of the membrane 4.Polarity of the molecules

11. Label the parts of the Cell Membrane: Head, Fatty Acid tails and Proteins

12. Indicate which part of the cell membrane is hydrophilic and which part is hydrophobic, and then nonpolar and polar

13. Passive Transport The movement of molecules without requiring an energy input to make it happen. – Like going down a hill. You don’t need energy concentration gradient Based strictly on the concentration gradient – The difference between the concentration of molecules from one location to another – Air freshener

14. Diffusion The movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration without the need for added energy. Depends on the kinetic energy of molecules Goes down (or with) the concentration gradient

15. Potassium Permanganate is placed in the middle of a dish of water. What will happen? diffuse Crystals dropped in the middle of the water will start to diffuse to areas of lower concentration without the need of additional energy. Eventually, the molecules will be evenly distributed Equilibrium – Reach Equilibrium – the same distance between molecules throughout

16. Why is diffusion considered a form of Passive Transport? It is passive transport because molecules move from where they are highly concentrated (more solutes) to where they are in lower concentration (low solutes) (with the concentration gradient) without the need for energy. Do you need energy to ski down a hill?

17. How does water get into plant cells? How does water get into or out of our skin? Osmosis Osmosis Osmosis is the movement of water through a membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of less water concentration – or from where there are less solutes in solution to an area of where there are more solutes in solution

18. What happens when you eat salty foods and sugary drinks? You will be really thirsty!!!! hypertonic This is because your food had a high solute concentration of salt and sugar (hypertonic). hypotonic Your cells will be a lower solute concentration and basically made up of water (hypotonic). hypotonic hypertonic Water will move from where there are more water molecules and less solutes (hypotonic) to where there are more solutes and less water (hypertonic) lose water The cells will start to lose water and you will be thirsty! Glen’s Osmosis song

19. The first diagram has very few solute molecules outside the cell and a lot inside the cell – Hypotonic solution – Water will flow into the cell and cell will enlarge The diagram on the right has a lot of solutes outside the cell and very few inside the cell – Hypertonic solution – Water will flow out of the cell and cell will shrivel The middle diagram has the same number of solutes on either side of the cell membrane – Isotonic solution – Water molecules will continue to flow into and out of the cell – The net movement of molecules is zero.

23. Osmosis lab with Osmosis Grape and onion cells

24. Predict what will happen in the U-Tube Video

25. Sometimes, molecules need help getting through the membrane due to those hydrophobic, nonpolar tails Facilitated Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Molecules that are polar cannot pass through the nonpolar tails of the cell membrane. They need help to get through Glucose, Water, ions like Na + and Cl - protein channels Will pass through protein channels which shield the polar molecules from the nonpolar tails. Like going through a tunnel

26. Why is facilitated diffusion necessary? Since the inside of the cell membrane is made up of fatty acid tails which are nonpolar and hydrophobic, molecules like water, glucose and ions such as Na+ and Cl- can’t pass through it. The protein channels protect them from the nonpolar tails.

27. Label the Carrier Proteins and the Channel Proteins. Draw an arrow to indicate the direction of flow of the solutes Facilitated Diffusion Diffusion

28. Active Transport Some molecules need to be concentrated inside the cell or removed from the cell (such as wastes or products of the cell like glucose, lipids and proteins) in low concentration to where they are in higher concentration These molecules will move from where they are in low concentration to where they are in higher concentration Energy Energy will be needed to go against or up the concentration gradient – Like going up a hill. Energy will be needed Energy is needed No energy is needed Active Transport Passive Transport

29. ATP energy transport molecule ATP is an energy transport molecule. It transfers a phosphate group to another molecule and transfers energy with it. Powers all cellular activity Powers all cellular activity

30. Sodium-Potassium Pump Sodium-Potassium Pump Na+ out K+ into Sodium-Potassium Pump Moves Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell from low to high concentration Sodium-Potassium Pump

31. Why is the Sodium – Potassium pump considered to be a form of Active Transport Na+ is in higher concentration outside the cell than inside of it. K+ is in higher concentration inside the cell than outside of it. Both are moved through protein channels from where they are in low concentration to where they are in high concentration. To go up the concentration gradient, ENERGY (ATP) is needed. To walk back up the ski hill takes ENERGY!!

32. Sodium ions Potassium ions protein carrier How many Sodium ions leave the cell? How many Potassium ions enter the cell? What is needed to change the shape of the protein carrier and move the molecules against the concentration gradient?

33. Endocytosis Exocytosis Endocytosis and Exocytosis Energy Energy will be needed (by ATP)to move large molecules like starch or proteins or small organisms like bacteria or paramecium into or out of a cell

34. Endocytosis Endocytosis taking in liquids or fairly large molecules – Is the process of taking in liquids or fairly large molecules into a cell by engulfing them in a membrane – Cell membrane forms a pocket around the substance which will become a vesicle inside the cell – Lysosomes fuse with the vesicles and puts digestive enzymes into the vesicle

35. Phagocytosis (“cell eating”) Engulfing Engulfing of bacteria, viruses or large molecules – How white blood cells and amoeba get their food.

36. Amoeba phagocytizing a Paramecium

37. A White Blood Cell (Macrophage) Phagocytizing bacteria

38. Exocytosis Opposite of Endocytosis Release of substance through the cell membrane

39. What is the difference between Endocytosis and Exocytosis? Endocytosis means coming into the cell process. This is the engulfing of molecules/organisms into a cell into vesicles Exocytosis means leaving the cell process The vesicles with macromolecules or wastes are sent out of the cell

40. Label the diagrams either exocytosis or endocytosis.