1. Go to Section: Trapping Energy Have you ever used a solar-powered calculator? No matter where you go, as long as you have a light source, the calculator works. You never have to put batteries in it. Section 8-2 Interest Grabber

2. Go to Section: Section 2 Answers Interest Grabber Answers 1. A solar-powered calculator uses solar cells that are found in rows along the top of the calculator. Into what kind of energy is the light energy converted so that the calculator works? They convert light energy into electrical energy. Section 8-2

3. Go to Section: Section 2 Answers Interest Grabber Answers 2. Recall that plants use light energy from the sun to make food. Into what kind of energy is the light energy converted by plants? Plants convert light energy into chemical energy. Section 8-2

4. Go to Section: Section 2 Answers Interest Grabber Answers 3.Most plants, no matter what size or shape they are, have some parts that are green. Which parts of a plant are usually green? Leaves are green, as are some stems. Section 8-2

5. Go to Section: Section 2 Answers Interest Grabber Answers 4. What does the green color have to do with the plant’s ability to convert light energy into the energy found in the food it makes? The green color is the pigment chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy from the sun and converts it to chemical energy in the process of photosynthesis. Section 8-2

6. REACTIONS of PHOTOSYNTHESIS 8-2 http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/chloroplasts.html http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG

7. REMEMBER CELL BIO

8. Atoms are the basic unit of MATTER: A NUCLEUS contains ______________ orbit nucleus in ENERGY LEVELS PROTONS (+) NEUTRONS ELECTRONS ( - )

9. Atoms differ in numbers of protons, neutrons, & electrons Image from: http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/summer2004/lect02.htm

10. Atoms that have gained or lost electrons have an electric charge and are called __________ They are written with a + or – next to their symbol IONS Na + Cl -

11. 1.____________ 2.____________ 3.____________ 4.____________ 5.____________ 6.____________ Atoms/ions important for living things Carbon - C Oxygen - O Hydrogen - H Nitrogen - N Sulfur - S Phosphorus - P

12. ATOMS CAN JOIN TOGETHER TO MAKE MOLECULES Ex: Joining 2 HYDROGEN atoms with 1 OXYGEN atom makes ________ WATER Image by: Riedell A chemical formula tells what kind of molecules and how many are in a molecule EX: ________ H2OH2O

13. ________________ = kind of chemical reaction in which molecules are produced by joining smaller molecules together 2 H 2 + O 2 → 2 H 2 0 SYNTHESIS 2 water molecules Hydrogen molecule oxygen molecule

14. An chemical equation tells what happens in a chemical reaction when molecules interact. NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H 2 0 ______________ _______________ Molecules that react Molecules that are produced products → reactants http://www.epa.gov/region5/superfund/ecology/images/fishcartoon.gif

15. Chemical reactions need help to get started EX: A fire needs a match to get it started. http://www.chuckwagondiner.com/art/matches.jpg http://plato.acadiau.ca/COURSES/comm/g5/Fire_Animation.gif IT’S LIKE PUSHING A SNOWBALL UP A HILL... Once you get it up there, it can roll down by itself

16. Energy required to get a chemical reaction started = _________________ energy Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved ACTIVATION REACTANTS PRODUCTS ACTIVATION ENERGY

17. CATALYSTS HELP CHEMICAL REACTIONS HAPPEN FASTER Catalysts work by ____________ the activation energy required to get a chemical reaction started. Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved DECREASING

18. CATALYSTS in Living Things In living systems PROTEINS called __________ act as catalysts to control chemical reactions. Image from: http://www.hillstrath.on.ca/moffatt/bio3a/digestive/enzanim.htm SEE ANIMATION of AMYLASE ENZYMES

19. Remember from CELL BIO http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/saunders/courses/online/SBI3C/Cells/Protein-Structure03.jpg Image from: http://www.hillstrath.on.ca/moffatt/bio3a/digestive/enzanim.htm ENZYMES are PROTEINS that make chemical reactions happen faster

20. PROTEINS ACT AS ENZYMES ENZYMES fit together with _____________ (reactants) like a lock and key to form an ____________________________. __________are released and enzyme is free to help again http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cat-removed/enzyme_.gif SUBSTRATES ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX PRODUCTS

21. See a video about enzyme reactions Video 4 Enzymatic Reactions 2D

22. Many enzyme NAMES end in _____ and the beginning of the name tells what it does DNA Polymerase= “polymerizes” joins monomers to make DNA Protease= breaks down proteins ATP synthase= synthesizes ATP -ASE

23. Go to Section: 8–2 Photosynthesis: An Overview A. Investigating Photosynthesis 1.Van Helmont’s Experiment 2.Priestley’s Experiment 3.Jan Ingenhousz B. The Photosynthesis Equation C. Light Pigments Section 8-2 Section Outline

24. Research into PHOTOSYNTHESIS began centuries ago with this simple question: When a tiny seed grows into a huge plant, where does all the “new plant” come from? http://www.nofretete-page.de/gemischtNeu/TN_plant_grow_w.JPG

25. EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT Then he planted the seedling in the pot and watered it regularly. At the end of 5 years the _____________ __________about 75 kg, but the mass of the _________ was almost ________________. http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_3.html He decided the “increase in plant” had to come from the ________… that was the only thing he had added! In 1643- a Belgian physician ___________________ determined the mass of a pot of dry soil and a small seedling. Jan van Helmont seedling had gained soil unchanged WATER

26. EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT Plants use _______ and ______ dioxide to make ___________________ http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_3.html Van Helmont didn’t realize the major contribution to the mass of his tree was something he couldn’t see… __________________ from the air. carbon dioxide watercarbon Carbohydrates

27. EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT 1771- An English minister, _________________________, discovered that a flame burning in a closed jar would die out. If he placed a __________ in the jar and allowed a few days to pass, the candle could be lit again. The plant produced something “required for burning” that the candle used up http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_7.html http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_8.html We now know it was …____________ OXYGEN Joseph Priestley live plant

28. EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT 1779- Dutch scientist ________________________ showed Priestley’s plant experiment only worked if the plant was exposed to _________________ ! http://www.rgg.og.schule-bw.de/Dokus/d-faech/Biologie/Klasse%208/Bilder/Fotosynthese/Ingenhousz-Netz.JPG Jan Ingenhousz light

29. THE BIG PICTURE These experiments led to work by later scientists who finally discovered that in the presence of light, plants transform CO 2 and water into carbohydrates and release oxygen. _____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________ Carbon dioxide WATERSugars Oxygen 6 CO 2 _____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________ 6 H 2 OC 6 H 12 O 6 6 O 2 →

30. In addition to water and carbon dioxide, __________________ and __________________ are needed for photosynthesis to happen. chlorophyll light energy http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255phts/255phts.htm

31. ____________________ involves a complex series of chemical reactions, in which the product of one reaction is _____________ by the next reaction. Photosynthesis consumed Reaction 1 →Product → X Reaction 2 → Product Y A series of reactions linked in this way is referred to as a __________________________ biochemical pathway

32. Go to Section: See a video clip about PHOTOSYNTHESIS(8B)

33. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light-Dependent Reaction Light-Independent Reactions Light & Water oxygen ATP NADPH Carbon Dioxide (CH 2 O) n Calvin Cycle

34. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: Reactants & Products LIGHT ENERGY CO 2 + H 2 OSUGARS + O 2

35. Sunlight is made up of many different _______________ of light Your eyes “see” different wavelengths as different ___________ http://www.simontucket.com/_Portfolio/PortLarge/L_Il_Prism.jpg wavelengths colors

36. Sizes of Wavelengths http://www.ology.amnh.org/einstein/lightmatterenergy/light.html

37. Plants gather the sun’s energy with light absorbing molecules called ___________. pigments By: VanderWal

38. The main energy absorbing molecule in green plants is ___________________ _________________ are pigments too. (These look yellow, orange, and brown) CAROTENOIDS http://www.russianflora.com/store/images/product/custom_green_plant_35.jpg http://www.rnzih.org.nz/images/gardenimages/carrots_d.jpg CHLOROPHYLL

39. Carotenoids are what you see when chlorophyll disappears in the fall http://www.litzsinger.org/weblog/archives/email%20AutumnTrees5%20LREC%20102605.jpg

40. red Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved. There are two types of chlorophyll __________________ & ___________________ Chlorophyll a absorbs ________ wavelengths, but even more ____________light. It absorbs very little ______ light. Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b red violet Blue

41. red Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved. There are two types of chlorophyll __________________ & ___________________ Chlorophyll b absorbs ______light and even more _________ light Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b red Blue-violet

42. Many people think that plants are green because they absorb and use green light in photosynthesis, BUT.... Myth:

43. Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved. Chlorophyll a & b ______________ absorb _______________ wavelengths of light do NOT green

44. Why are plants green? BECAUSE… Chlorophyll _____________ light very well in the __________________ regions and _________ light in the green regions of spectrum. http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/uno/graphics/uno01pob/vrl/images/0160.gif absorbs blue-violet and red reflects

45. We “see” reflected light Light wavelengths that are reflected bounce back to your eyes... so leaves “LOOK” green. Image modified from: http://www.visibledreams.net/Web/color/color_3.html ___________________________________

46. When you see a plant with yellow flowers and green leaves, the plant is reflecting ____________________________ wavelengths of light yellow and green By: VanderWal

47. When you ______ a plant with yellow and purple flowers, the plant is _____________ yellow and purple wavelengths of light By: VanderWal reflecting see

48. Plants ________________ mainly ___________________________ wavelengths of light for photosynthesis. red and blue-violet By: VanderWal absorb and use

49. Pearson Education Inc, Pusblishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Because light is a form of ___________, any molecule that absorbs light also ___________the energy from the light. ENERGY ABSORBS

50. ENERGY & ELECTRONS When chlorophyll absorbs light, the energy is transferred to electrons in the chlorophyll molecule. http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/uno/graphics/uno01pob/vrl/images/0160.gif http://www.wjcc.k12.va.us/ROBB/Atom%20Animation%20Resources_files/image003.gif HIGH ENERGY ____________ make photosynthesis work! ELECTRONS

51. SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS Chapter 8 - Photosynthesis: The students will be able to: explain the biochemical processes that a plant uses in photosynthesis explain the role ADP-ATP cycle has within the chloroplast of the cell (9-12.L.1.1) explain the light reaction (9-12.L.1.1) explain the steps of photophosphorylation and the Calvin Cycle (9-12.L.1.1)

52. SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS 9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells. Photosynthesis and respiration ATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymes Mitochondria Chloroplasts LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things

53. Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors High school students performing at the ADVANCED level: explain the steps of photophosphorylation and the Calvin Cycle; analyze chemical reaction and chemical processes involved in the Calvin Cycle and Krebs Cycle; predict the function of a given structure; High school students performing at the PROFICIENT level: describe and give examples of chemical reactions required to sustain life (…role of enzymes) describe and give examples of chemical reactions required to sustain life (hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, ADP/ATP, role of enzymes); describe the relationship between structure and function High school students performing at the BASIC level name chemical reactions required to sustain life (… role of enzymes) name chemical reactions required to sustain life (hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, ADP/ATP, role of enzymes); recognize that different structures perform different functions;

54. SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED SCIENCE STANDARDS 9-12.L.1.1A. Students are able to explain the physical and chemical processes of photosynthesis and cell respiration and their importance to plant and animal life. (SYNTHESIS) Examples: photosystems, photophosphorylation, Calvin Cycle and Krebs Cycle LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things.